U radu se prikazuje utjecaj zaraznih
bolesti na prostornu mobilnost ljudi i razvoj mjera prevencije na hrvatskom
prostoru s posebnim fokusom na rani novi vijek. Uzimajući u obzir društvene,
...demografske, kulturne i ekonomske posljedice koje su epidemije zaraznih bolesti
ostavile na hrvatskom prostoru, rad se usredotočuje na situaciju u Slavoniji i
Dalmaciji u razdobljima epidemije kuge i drugih zaraznih bolesti. U tim su
pokrajinama zabilježena dva različita javnozdravstvena sustava kontrole
kretanja ljudi i širenja bolesti. U Dalmaciji se razvio karantenski sustav
izdvojenih kontrolnih centara oko jadranskih luka, a u Slavoniji sustav kontumacijskih stanica raspoređenih duž dobro
nadzirane osmanske granice (Sanitarni kordon). Istražujući mjere za prevenciju širenja
zaraznih bolesti, ponajprije kuge, autorice nastoje odgovoriti na tri ključna
pitanja: kako su različiti ranonovovjekovni
upravno-politički sustavi reagirali na epidemijske izazove, kako je opasnost od
zaraze utjecala na mobilnost ljudi i roba te kako je protuepidemijska zaštita
pridonijela izgradnji javnozdravstvenoga sustava na hrvatskom prostoru.
The paper focuses on the interrelation between epidemics
and spatial mobility (migration) of people, along with the subsequent
development of medical prevention regulations and actions in the Croatian
historical territories, primarily during the Early Modern Period. Historical
epidemics are viewed from the perspective of social history in terms of their
great demographic and economic impacts, since the diseases acted as both causes
and results of migrations. The research was based on various archival sources,
primarily from the State Archives in Zadar and the Croatian State Archives, correlated
with the research of secondary literature (desk-study analysis). While evaluating
the different measures of control and medical prevention of diseases, mainly
the plague, in Slavonia and Dalmatia, the authors searched for several answers.
The focus was on the reactions of two different early modern administrative
systems to epidemical hazards. As a consequence of state-implemented measures,
the mobility patterns of people and goods were changed. Additionally, the
research revealed that the development and upgrading of the overall health
system in the Croatian lands was highly influenced by these early anti-epidemic
measures. Two differently organised early modern systems of population and
economy protection (Habsburg and Venetian) were examined as examples of possible
state responses to the spread of epidemic diseases. One was based on secluded
quarantine stations in Adriatic harbours, such as lazarettos or quarantine
buildings in Dalmatia, while the other was organised as a quarantine medical
and custom chain of checkpoints along the Slavonian-Bosnian border (the
Sanitary Cordon). Despite the different concepts of these more or less
elaborate systems of public health measures in the Venetian and Austrian territories
– from informing, legal and sanitary regulations, to the introduction of
quarantine for the sick and potentially infected people – both countries sought
to prevent the spread of epidemic diseases, while at the same time trying to ensure
the flow of people and goods with as little obstruction as possible.
Our
recent medical experience with the Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is likely to
prove that in spite of the progress of official medicine and mass vaccinations,
the traditional methods of physical isolation and mobility limitation can, despite
their enormous economic costs, still provide successful medical prevention by restricting
the spread of epidemic diseases.
Autorice se bave određenim aspektima oblikovanja granica u prošlosti i suvremenosti
na prostorima današnje Hrvatske iz sociološke i povijesne perspektive.
Nastoje kontekstualizirati neke okolnosti ...pod kojima se granice između zemalja
uspostavljaju, održavaju i mijenjaju. Granice se obično konstruiraju kako bi isključivale
Druge i/ili strance, a kao društveni proizvod čije se značenje s vremenom
mijenja one uvijek određuju pripadnost. One se s jedne strane tiču ograničenja,
podjela, konflikata i isključivanja između etničkih/nacionalnih skupina, ali i
procesa proširivanja, uključivanja i redefiniranja u skladu s političkim interesima
na lokalnim, regionalnim, nacionalnim i nadnacionalnim razinama. Upotrebom
interdisciplinarnog pristupa u komparativnoj perspektivi preispituju se uloge i
značenja rubnosti hrvatskih granica u ranom novom vijeku, kada su, gotovo na
istim mjestima kao i danas, granice predstavljale civilizacijsku periferiju i konfesionalno
definiranu barijeru prema Drugome (Antemurale Christianitatis). Provedena
analiza pokazala je da uloga granice Republike Hrvatske, među ostalim, pridonosi
obrani Fortress Europe (Šengenskog područja) od neregularnih migracija,
odnosno migranata kao Drugih. U radu je na izabranim slučajevima utvrđeno da
političke elite, ovisno o svojim interesima, oblikuju i upravljaju granicom, čineći
je (ne)propusnom za kretanje kapitala, usluga i ljudi. Pritom je svakodnevica lokalnog
stanovništva na granici često bila, a i danas jest u opreci s proklamiranim
politikama ograničenja nametnutima odozgo, pretvarajući granicu od prepreke
u mjesto razmjene i suradnje. S druge strane, pokazalo se da fragmentacija europskog
prostora i jačanje nacionalnih interesa umjesto proklamiranom idealu
„Europa bez granica“ vodi osnaživanju „Europe granica“.
U radu se razmatra prva integralna karta hrvatskih povijesnih regija koja je izrađena u drugoj polovici 17. st. Rukopisnu inačicu te karte za potrebe Papinskoga ilirskoga (hrvatskog) zavoda svetog ...Jeronima u Rimu nacrtao je Pietro Andrea Buffalini 1663. Ta karta je zatim, uz odgovarajuće izmjene, otisnuta pod naslovom Illyricum hodiernum u Lučićevu historiografskom djelu De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae te u Blaeuovu atlasu Atlas Maior sive Geographia Blaviana 1668. Sudeći prema sadržaju tih karata i političkim okolnostima u kojima su nastale, oblikovanju njihova sadržaja najviše je pridonio hrvatski polihistor i kartograf Ivan Lučić. On je kao vrsni poznavatelj povijesti i geografije Hrvatske vlastiti kartografski imaginarij pretočio u kartografsku sintezu u obliku pregledne karte koja je nastala na temelju kompilacije sadržaja starijih karata i na temelju osobnih istraživanja. Kartom je ponajprije htio jasno pokazati koji se prostor u duhu reformnokatoličkog ilirizma podrazumijeva tadašnjim Ilirikom, odnosno Hrvatskom, a ujedno iskoristiti mogućnost koju karta kao kodirana slika geografske stvarnosti ima kada je potrebno predočiti prostorne odnose u kontekstu historijsko-geografskog pregleda razvoja Hrvatske.
The authors deal with selected aspects of past and present border shaping processes in Croatia, regarding its sociological and historical perspective. Some circumstances under which the boundaries ...between countries are established, maintained and changed are discussed. As socially constructed phenomena, the boundaries change their meaning over time, aiming to exclude the Others and/or Strangers and to determine the belonging. They are under ambivalent pressure of limitations, divisions, conflicts and exclusions on ethnic or national level on one hand and under impact of the enlarging processes, inclusions and political interests on local, regional, national and supranational levels, on the other hand. Such a comparative interdisciplinary approach reveals liminal character and importance of Croatian borders which, positioned at almost same places as today, were in the Early Modern Period perceived as the civilization edge (e.g. Antemurale Christianitatis) and confessional barrier towards the Other. The analisys showed that the role of Croatian borders is apparently, among the others, to strengthen the defence of the Fortress Europe (Schengen area) from the irregular migrants and migrants as the Others. On selected cases the paper examined how do political elites manage to shape the borders and make it (non) permeable for the movement of goods, services and people, depending on their interests. While the certain policies were imposed from above, everyday practices of local population were usually opposed and still happen to oppose proclaimed limitation, turning the boundary from the barrier to the place of exchange and cooperation. Simultaneously, the fragmentation of European space and strengthening of national interests leads to stronger “Europe of borders” instead of the proclaimed ideal of “Europe without borders”.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This qualitative analysis of symbolic elements in nautical cartography aims to provide an interdisciplinary insight into some aspects of early modern cartographic representations of the Adriatic Sea. ...The nautical charts were supplemented with compass roses, a graphic structure that facilitates orientation and correlates with rhumb lines. The research objective focusses primarily on the variety of signs for the cardinal directions north and east, additionally considering some rare but innovative and avant-garde pragmatic uses of compass roses to indicate magnetic declination. On the majority of the selected nautical charts, most of which were created in Mediterranean and Western European cultural centres, decorative elements such as the fleur-de-lis and the cross were used in compass roses to determine the cardinal points. The compass roses of these nautical charts often served as symbolic evidence of the social and economic belonging of the Adriatic to the European part of the Mediterranean geographical system, as well as to the Christian sphere of tradition and influence. The study has thus proved the existence of significant symbolic communication capacity of a compass rose, which was not only a utilitarian but also an artistic element.
In the period from 2011 to 2017, there was a fluctuating yet notable increase of unaccompanied minors transiting through Croatia. The 2015 and 2016 events involving the Balkan corridor included a ...significant number of unaccompanied and separated children, who count as vulnerable groups of refugees and migrants. State policies and measures aimed at providing care and protection to these groups include mechanisms of appointing special guardians, who are tasked with safeguarding their rights and providing general assistance within the system of care during their stay and/or during the status recognition procedure. Using a desk study of relevant accessible documents together with a thematic content analysis of 26 expert interviews that were conducted in three cycles; in 2014, 2016, and 2018 with relevant stakeholders and care providers, the authors discussed the experiences of practitioners in the field and some of the most important challenges they are facing within the special guardianship system. The general role of caregivers in the reception, integration and possible family reunification of unaccompanied children was also examined. The results suggested that due to short period of their stay in Croatia, and due to systemic insufficiencies within the system of care, the state is facing inconsistencies in the implementation of existing European Union standards and of national measures. The special guardianship care system for unaccompanied and separated children, which is moderately influenced by the 2015 and 2016 Balkan corridor experience, has been limited by lack of professional and financial resources, lack of stronger institutional support and somewhat overlapping competences of different parties in the system of care.
The town with a rich maritime tradition, Ghent, hosted the congress organised by the International Maritime Economic History Association (IMEHA). The first meeting of experts in the maritime history ...was held 20 years ago in Liverpool, and was followed by meetings in Amsterdam and Rotterdam, than in Esbjerg, on the island of Corfu and in Greenwich. This year IMEHA congress was organised by Ghent University any city authorities of Ghent and Antwerp, including harbour authorities of both cities and the KBC Bank.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the paper the authors are focused on local and trans-border migration processes in Northern Dalmatia and their influence on the economic and demographic development of the Vrana feudal estate ...during the 17th and 18th century. The research was based on the complex and qualitative analysis of demographic, economical, confessional and cartographic archival sources, followed by the correlation of existing secondary literature research (desk-study analysis). The primary scientific goal was to determine how the land reclamation and corresponding protomodern migrations, which had occurred prior the statistical period of migration registration, have changed and influenced further economic and environmental development of this particular hinterland of the Dalmatian area. The change of the lowland marshy borderlands was investigated within the frames of its physical ambience, geo-strategic position, and its communication, commercial and migratory potential, within the interdisciplinary framework and discourse of ecohistory and environmental studies methodology and approach. In addition, this paper tends to discuss whether the Borelli family's private venture of investing in land reclamation was an economic success or rather an adventurous experiment since they failed to keep the immigrants colonized from Bukovica in permanent settlements. After getting the Vrana estate as a feudal possession in 1752, these Italian family members undertook a huge action of marshland and land reclamation in order to re-evaluate and redefine land use in the area that was once a prosperous Roman barn field, which provided food for a much larger population. Consequently, these newly gained lands were used by the state, along with some other tax and administrative benefits, to attract agrarian labour force. After drying the Vrana moors and marshes, damp soil improved in quality and the excess water was taken away, especially after the trenching of main and collateral ditches and a huge canal of Prosika, which connected the Lake Vrana with the Adriatic Sea, and the immigration has continued. Considering the motives of these protomodern migrations as an interplay of intertwined migration factors, some typology of the most common patterns of spatial mobility has been discovered, including the patterns, shapes, directions and intensity of these migration lines. They included not only the war and post-war emigration from the estate, but also the immigration of Morlachs from the hilly area of Bukovica or even across the Ottoman borders in the hinterland, and transmigration, as well as family-related local migration, and seasonal shepherd (transhumant) migration (circulation) in the area. A specific “transborder” migration was a type of colonized compelled immigration of peasants from northern Italy (Furlania) to Northern (Venetian) Dalmatia as a working contingent of people, along with rare and occasional migrants of Italian nobility who conducted, directed and financed the Vrana reclamation projects (e.g. the Borelli from Bologna). The case study of migration network in the village of Tinj, besides the majority of settlers from the north-western area of Bukovica, has also revealed the immigrants from Primorje and even from the islands of Zadar archipelago coming to the Vrana estate. Some of them also helped in the drainage projects. New contingents of “healthy highlander Morlachs” from Bukovica were continuously invited, since they were perceived as more resistant to marshland fevers and likely to endure malaria-like diseases, which had significantly diminished the economic productivity and demographic potential of population in lowland areas. This local migration of Morlachs resulted in their engagement in reclamation as an additional task to their existing role in defense of Acquisto Nuovo and Acquisto Nuovissimo (Venetian hinterland) against eventual Ottoman Reconquista. During the period of destructive Anti-Ottoman wars in Kotari, the geostrategic relevance of this particular feudal estate's borderland position on the edges of various states, economic systems and cultures was of the utmost importance. On the other hand, its liminal position as the Venetian overseas territory minimized the central state support and care in various kinds of perils. Hence, colonized immigration did not have ecological character although new settlers changed the landscape of Kotari. New and intensive agricultural (farmer) exploitation failed to upgrade economy since the prevailing sheep-breeding in highly fertile land represented the economic irrational land use. Demographic and economic development reflected the devastating results of anti-Ottoman early modern wars, followed by the environmental requirements and pressure of the Venetians. Getting in between the environmental interventions aiming to reach higher economic standards, the feudal estate happened to be radically changed by the reclamation. It was, for the first time since the Roman era, an extraordinary intervention into natural balance of the lowland ecosystem. The results of these early modern collisions of economic and environmental interests in Vrana in the short period significantly differed in quality and direction of its development in comparison to the long-term perspective. On the one hand, especially in the middle and long-term perspective, it showed elements of economic and demographic success, with a reasonable potential to fully reshape the demographic potential of the area. Quite contrary, the short time scale was, if not a complete failure, then at least an uncertain and adventurous experiment. In spite of that qualification, Francesco Borelli’s reclamation of marshlands was a hydro-technical step forward, totally in accordance to similar European intellectual (physiocratic) movements and projects, reflecting the spread of comparable ideas to the eastern corners of eastern Adriatic territories under European rulers. However, the Borelli family also encountered serious obstacles in implementing innovative plans, such as continued political and military insecurity on the borderland(s), including also the Ottoman part (serhat). Besides the fiscal and other privileges that were promised to Morlachs in order to attract them to the deserted land by the former owners, Borelli’s innovative and economic capacities were further jeopardized by the lack of solid political (and organizational) support of Venetian administration. They even did not succeed in settling the colonized immigrant population more permanently into the nine villages of the Vrana estate, partly due to additional irrigation work Morlachs had to complete, but also due to disadvantageous demographic threat represented by the unknown medical dangers such as malarial fevers. Since these phenomena were unknown and undiagnosed (prior to the mid-19th century) the adequate treatment or prevention could not be applied. In spite of all unfavourable factors or even failure to decrease circulation of local population in the area, these projects can be defined as revolutionary inventive for the 18th century, especially for Dalmatian periphery. Among other ecological results, human intervention into drainage of devastated and abandoned water sources and channels led to formation of highly anthropogenically shaped landscape, which was crucially dependent on constant cultivation and protection. Moreover, expensive reclamation projects were not fully and properly exploited, since the Ottoman presence in the vicinity and total insecurity prevented and even repulsed Morlach shepherds from changing their low profit shepherd economy to high profit intensive agricultural land use. Such a misbalance of economic and environmental interests tended to reverse Borelli’s efforts and new economic exploitation kept the economy on unsustainable levels, detaining the irrational management of energy, resources and land. On the other hand, the improved soil and drained land allowed a slow increase of crop each year, ensuring higher self-provision of the local population. Demographic growth was gradual and endangered by malarial fevers. They significantly reduced the number of people, especially children, but also limited economic productivity of those who survived. However, life standard increased based also on the extension of arable lands. Intensive agricultural production with new cultures increased the productivity level. The collision of economic and environmental interests resulted especially in long-term improvements of the main trends since the early modern economy was highly dependent on natural cycles and not based on intensive agriculture, but rather on extensive transhumant cattle breeding, which could not effectively correspond to huge human/material investments into land reclamation, especially in a short time span. Gradually, the land improvement opened new economic possibilities, being fully exploited after the extending and widening of the Prosika canal, which had been finished during the Austrian rule in the 19th century. The failure of the Borelli’s project reflected in the abandoning of the works and bankruptcy of the count Francesco, but the reclamation results turned to be the base for economic/demographic achievements in later centuries. The extinction of malarial fevers and the episodes of other diseases were followed by founding of huge farms in the 20th century. By providing a significant areal of new fertile land which was safe from a sanitary perspective, the local population got the possibility to permanently settle the lowland Vrana villages and improve disadvantageous demographic trends. By comparing incomparable, it is obvious that contrary to huge waist of energy and resources (e.g. of water and fossil fuels) in modern Western societies, a low level of agricultural production in Vrana and high dependence on natural principles have been ecologically and environmentally sustainable, especially in long-term perspective. The same
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