This reprint presents a collection of original research and survey articles that tackle the practical challenges in large-scale and rapid deployment of sensors for diverse applications as well as the ...resulting Big Data processing. The complexity of the generated data ranges from large-scale sensor networks to smartphone-enabled citizen sensing data from social networks and personal health devices, which requires advanced data processing, mining and fusion methods. Solutions listed in this book include those that address issues of the interoperability of IoT solutions and data fragmentation through crawling, indexing and searching IoT data sources and the predictive maintenance of sensors. Social networks are also in scope, through a visualisation system for the analysis of anomalies in social graphs, detecting context-aware sociability patterns and assessing the effectiveness of fine tuning and pretrained word embedding in generating interpretable topics from short texts in social networks. Applications in scope include smart tourism, fall detection through personal health sensors and an energy management expert assistant.
Advances made in the Internet of Things (IoT) and other disruptive technological trends, including big data analytics and edge computing methods, have contributed enabling solutions to the numerous ...challenges affecting modern communities ....
The ongoing development of mobile communication networks to support a wide range of superfast broadband services has led to massive capacity demand. This problem is expected to be a significant ...concern during the deployment of the 5G wireless networks. The demand for additional spectrum to accommodate mobile services supporting higher data rates and having lower latency requirements, as well as the need to provide ubiquitous connectivity with the advent of the Internet of Things sector, is likely to considerably exceed the supply, based on the current policy of exclusive spectrum allocation to mobile cellular systems. Hence, the imminent spectrum shortage has introduced a new impetus to identify practical solutions to make the most efficient use of scarce licensed bands in a shared manner. Recently, the concept of dynamic spectrum sharing has received considerable attention from regulatory bodies and governments globally, as it could potentially open new opportunities for mobile operators to exploit spectrum bands whenever they are underutilized by their owners, subject to service level agreements. Although various sharing paradigms have been proposed and discussed, the impact and performance gains of different schemes can be scenario-specific, and may vary depending on the nature of the sharing players, the level of sharing and spectrum access scheme. In this survey, we study the main concepts of dynamic spectrum sharing, different sharing scenarios, as well as the major challenges associated with sharing of licensed bands. Finally, we conclude this survey with open research challenges and suggest some future research directions.
The requirements of analyzing heterogeneous data streams and detecting complex patterns in near real-time have raised the prospect of complex event processing (CEP) for many Internet of Things (IoT) ...applications. Although CEP provides a scalable and distributed solution for analyzing complex data streams on the fly, it is designed for reactive applications as CEP acts on near real-time data and does not exploit historical data. In this regard, we propose a proactive architecture which exploits historical data using machine learning for prediction in conjunction with CEP. We propose an adaptive prediction algorithm called adaptive moving window regression for dynamic IoT data and evaluated it using a real-world use case with an accuracy of over 96%. It can perform accurate predictions in near real-time due to reduced complexity and can work along CEP in our architecture. We implemented our proposed architecture using open source components which are optimized for big data applications and validated it on a use-case from intelligent transportation systems. Our proposed architecture is reliable and can be used across different fields in order to predict complex events.
The Web of Things aims to make physical world objects and their data accessible through standard Web technologies to enable intelligent applications and sophisticated data analytics. Due to the ...amount and heterogeneity of the data, it is challenging to perform data analysis directly; especially when the data is captured from a large number of distributed sources. However, the size and scope of the data can be reduced and narrowed down with search techniques, so that only the most relevant and useful data items are selected according to the application requirements. Search is fundamental to the Web of Things while challenging by nature in this context, e.g., mobility of the objects, opportunistic presence and sensing, continuous data streams with changing spatial and temporal properties, efficient indexing for historical and real time data. The research community has developed numerous techniques and methods to tackle these problems as reported by a large body of literature in the last few years. A comprehensive investigation of the current and past studies is necessary to gain a clear view of the research landscape and to identify promising future directions. This survey reviews the state-of-the-art search methods for the Web of Things, which are classified according to three different viewpoints: basic principles, data/knowledge representation, and contents being searched. Experiences and lessons learned from the existing work and some EU research projects related to Web of Things are discussed, and an outlook to the future research is presented.
In this paper, we present a method that facilitates Internet of Things (IoT) for building a product passport and data exchange enabling the next stage of the circular economy. SmartTags based on ...printed sensors (i.e., using functional ink) and a modified GS1 barcode standard enable unique identification of objects on a per item-level (including Fast-Moving Consumer Goods-FMCG), collecting, sensing, and reading of parameters from environment as well as tracking a products' lifecycle. The developed ontology is the first effort to define a semantic model for dynamic sensors, including datamatrix and QR codes. The evaluation of decoding and readability of identifiers (QR codes) showed good performance for detection of sensor state printed over and outside the QR code data matrix, i.e., the recognition ability with image vision algorithm was possible. The evaluation of the decoding performance of the QR code data matrix printed with sensors was also efficient, i.e., the QR code ability to be decoded with the reader after reversible and irreversible process of ink (dis)appearing was preserved, with slight drop in performance if ink density is low.
The ongoing transition towards 5G technology expedites the emergence of a variety of mobile applications that pertain to different vertical industries. Delivering on the key commitment of 5G, these ...diverse service streams, along with their distinct requirements, should be facilitated under the same unified network infrastructure. Consequently, in order to unleash the benefits brought by 5G technology, a holistic approach towards the requirement analysis and the design, development, and evaluation of multiple concurrent vertical services should be followed. In this paper, we focus on the Transport vertical industry, and we study four novel vehicular service categories, each one consisting of one or more related specific scenarios, within the framework of the "5G Health, Aquaculture and Transport (5G-HEART)" 5G PPP ICT-19 (Phase 3) project. In contrast to the majority of the literature, we provide a holistic overview of the overall life-cycle management required for the realization of the examined vehicular use cases. This comprises the definition and analysis of the network Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) resulting from high-level user requirements and their interpretation in terms of the underlying network infrastructure tasked with meeting their conflicting or converging needs. Our approach is complemented by the experimental investigation of the real unified 5G pilot's characteristics that enable the delivery of the considered vehicular services and the initial trialling results that verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the presented theoretical analysis.
The interest in performing scientific computations using commercially available cloud computing resources has grown rapidly in the last decade. However, scheduling multiple workflows in cloud ...computing is challenging due to its non-functional constraints and multi-dimensional resource requirements. Scheduling algorithms proposed in literature use search-based approaches which often result in very high computational overhead and long execution time. In this paper, a Deadline-Constrained Cost Minimisation (DCCM) algorithm is proposed for resource scheduling in cloud computing. In the proposed scheme, tasks were grouped based on their scheduling deadline constraints and data dependencies. Compared to other approaches, DCCM focuses on meeting the user-defined deadline by sub-dividing tasks into different levels based on their priorities. Simulation results showed that DCCM achieved higher success rates when compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.
Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) has been introduced in the 5th Generation (5G) radios for mission-critical applications that demand strict reliability and latency traffic to ...guarantee the rapid delivery of short packets (up to 1 ms) with a success probability rate of 99.999%. The challenging reliability and latency requirements of URLLC have significant impact on the air-interface design, especially on the Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) mechanism. This study focuses on satisfying link latency requirements by reducing the delay that arises in the presence of the HARQ operation. To this end, we propose a Swift HARQ protocol empowered by machine learning techniques to estimate the decodability of a packet early enough within its maximum number of allowable retransmission attempts. This can allow the transmitter to react faster by dropping the non-decodable packets, or activating the repetition mode where parts of the HARQ feedback can be omitted. As shown through system-level simulations, the proposed model achieves a delay reduction of more than 50% compared to the traditional HARQ, and increases the system throughput by up to 40% when multiple HARQ retransmissions are required.
Open Radio Access Network (RAN) introduces a groundbreaking industry standard for Radio Access Networks, fostering vendor interoperability and network flexibility through open interfaces while ...leveraging network softwarization, Artificial, and Machine Learning Intelligence; however, it also poses significant security challenges due to its unique configuration, prompting stakeholders to cautiously approach its deployment and necessitating thorough analysis and implementation of security measures and standards. This paper systematically examines existing literature and case studies to underscore the indispensable role of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) in identifying and mitigating security breaches within Open RAN environments. We elucidate the distinct challenges that Open RAN's disaggregated architecture introduced and classify them into technical and non-technical threats. Finally, we discussed a series of new advancements gaining momentum in the Open RAN security domain and provided insights for future research directions.
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