Studies on depositions of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond films have shown that flame combustion has the highest deposition rates without involving microwave plasma and direct current arc. ...Thus, here we report on our study of few-layer graphene grown by flame deposition. A horizontal CVD reactor was modified for the synthesis of flame deposition of few-layer graphene on a Cu substrate. It was found that graphene obtained has comparable quality to that obtained with other flame deposition setups reported in the literature as determined from Raman spectroscopy, sheet resistance, and transmission electron microscopy. Calculation of the chemical kinetics reveals a gas phase species that has a close correlation to the growth rate of graphene. This was further correlated with van't Hoff analysis of the reaction, which shows that the growth reaction has a single dominating mechanism for temperatures in the range of 400 °C to 1000 °C. Arrhenius analysis also was found to be in good agreement with this result. This study shows few-layer graphene growth proceeds through different pathways from a CVD grown graphene and also highlights flame deposition as a viable method for graphene growth.
Growth kinetics of few-layer graphene grown by flame deposition correlates to BIN20J species in a methane to soot mechanism model.
Poor access to quality education among preschool students in Indonesia is a cause for concern. To address this issue, the first step is to identify the current level of inclusive education practises ...in these institutions. Thus, this study is aimed at identifying the level of inclusivity of Indonesian preschools, particularly in East Java, from the perspective of education practitioners. This study employed a sequential explanatory mix design. A survey questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were utilised in collecting the data. A total of 277 education practitioners, including principals and teachers at the preschool level, were randomly sampled to answer the questionnaire. As interview respondents, 12 teachers and principals were recruited
purposive sampling. Generally, the findings indicated that community building for inclusive education was found to be at an average level (
= 3.418, SD = 0.323), whereas building inclusive values in preschools was found to be at a high level (
= 4.020, SD = 0.414). In support of this, the findings of the semi-structured interviews suggested that the school community was aware of the differences among students and that respecting each other was generally practised among the school community. However, poor community involvement to support inclusive education was a challenge in most Indonesian preschools. These findings are crucial for stakeholders and policymakers to continue promoting community awareness and supporting inclusive education in these institutions.
Although flame synthesis promises economic benefit and rapid synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT), the lack of control and understanding of the effects of flame parameters (e.g., temperature and ...precursor composition) impose some challenges in modelling and identifying CNT growth region for obtaining better throughput. The present study presents an investigation on the types of carbon precursor that affect CNT growth region on nickel catalyst particles in an ethylene inverse diffusion flame. An established CNT growth rate model that describes physical growth of CNT is utilised to predict CNT length and growth region using empirical inputs of flame temperature and species composition from the literature. Two variations of the model are employed to determine the dominant precursor for CNT growth which are the constant adsorption activation energy (CAAE) model and the varying adsorption activation energy (VAAE) model. The carbon precursors investigated include ethylene, acetylene, and carbon monoxide as base precursors and all possible combinations of the base precursors. In the CAAE model, the activation energy for adsorption of carbon precursor species on catalyst surface Ea,1 is held constant whereas in the VAAE model, Ea,1 is varied based on the investigated precursor. The sensitivity of the growth rate model is demonstrated by comparing the shifting of predicted growth regions between the CAAE model and the VAAE model where the CAAE model serves as a control case. Midpoint-based and threshold-based techniques are employed within each model to quantify the predicted CNT growth region. Growth region prediction based on the midpoint-VAAE approach demonstrates the importance of acetylene and carbon monoxide to some extent towards CNT growth. Ultimately, the threshold-VAAE model shows that the dominant precursor for CNT growth is the mixture of acetylene and carbon monoxide. A simplified reaction mechanism is proposed to describe the surface chemistry for precursor reactions with nickel catalyst where decomposition of the ethylene fuel source into acetylene and carbon monoxide is accounted for by chemisorption.
Era of Society 5.0 has had a significant impact on the implementation of education for students in Indonesia, which presents opportunities and challenges for educators in each education unit. One of ...the education units that feels this impact is inclusive education. Inclusive education learning designs in which there are special assistant teachers have a more dominant social constructivist tendency than those with regular education teachers. The development of the right inclusive education learning design will help children with special needs in achieving their optimal potential development according to their conditions and needs in the community. This study aims to propose inclusive education learning designs that are relevant to Era of Society 5.0 based on national education standards including standard processes, standards for educators, and standards for infrastructure. This study employs a descriptive qualitative study, and. the primary data collection instruments were in the form of observations and interviews, as well as documentation as a secondary data collection instrument. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique and they were from five inclusive schools in the province of South Kalimantan. The data analysis technique uses content analysis. The results of the study show that Era of Society 5.0 is in line with the development of inclusive education learning designs and is relevant to the Indonesian national education system which includes standard processes, standards for educators, and standards for infrastructure.
Academy in Factory (AiF) was recently introduced in Malaysia to cater to the talent development and education attainment for a future-ready workforce. Though ideally expected to be an effective ...initiative, a lack of a strong curriculum framework hinders its implementation. To date the literature on AiF is very limited. It was found that its vague definition and characteristics, non-harmonised interaction between industry and academia, and non-existing curriculum framework are among contributing factors to its ineffective implementation. Thus, this study is aimed at reshaping a curriculum framework that is responsive to its aims and objectives. Building upon an extensive review of literature on AiF, industry-based curriculum, employability and human capital development, and best practices in the international context, the proposed framework is hoped to serve as a reference to improve its current practice.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate a distinct set of characteristics that influence Muslim customers’ intentions to purchase Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract in Malaysia.
...Design/methodology/approach
The study studied the impact of perceived value, perceived quality, perceived financial advantages, religious commitment and product knowledge on the purchase intention Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract using a quantitative research approach. A Google Form-based online survey was created and distributed through Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, among others. The survey data were analysed using structural equation modelling with a partial-least-square estimation property (PLS-SEM).
Findings
The study results suggested that Muslim customers in Malaysia had a greater propensity to buy Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract. Analysis of the data revealed that perceived value, perceived quality, perceived financial benefits and religious commitment had direct effects on the desire to buy Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract in Malaysia. In addition, the results reveal that religious commitment, perceived quality and perceived financial benefit are the top three important factors in explaining Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract buying intentions in this country.
Practical implications
Muslim customers may use Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract as a short-term credit alternative to enhance their financial standing. Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract generates a substantial quantity of credit demand and supply, which not only allows Muslim customers to adhere to Islamic standards but also contributes to the expansion of the economy. The result would aid and advise Ar-Rahnu finance resources and legislators in measuring the efficacy of the program in Malaysia, especially among Muslim customers.
Originality/value
Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract as a financing alternative has been explored extensively, but this study takes a whole new approach to the subject by looking at dimensions of perceived value, perceived quality and perceived financial benefit along with individual product knowledge and religious commitment. Consequently, this study will contribute to the understanding of how Muslim customers will respond to the Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract and will assist financial institutions in increasing the possibility that Muslim consumers would acquire Ar-Rahnu Islamic financing contract.
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