Zoltan Molnar marks the 400th anniversary of the birth of one of the great neuroanatomists, Thomas Willis. While Willis’ name is usually associated with ‘the circle’ and the word ‘neurologia’, his ...work also formed the foundation of modern translational research and clinical medicine.
Subplate neurons have an essential role in cortical circuit formation. They are among the earliest formed neurons of the cerebral cortex, are located at the junction of white and grey matter, and are ...necessary for correct thalamocortical axon ingrowth. Recent transcriptomic studies have provided opportunities for monitoring and modulating selected subpopulations of these cells. Analyses of mouse lines expressing reporter genes have demonstrated novel, extracortical subplate neurogenesis and have shown how subplate cells are integrated under the influence of sensory activity into cortical and extracortical circuits. Recent studies have revealed that the subplate is involved in neurosecretion and modification of the extracellular milieu.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
3.
Cortical layer with no known function Molnár, Zoltán
European journal of neuroscience/EJN. European journal of neuroscience,
April 2019, Letnik:
49, Številka:
7
Journal Article
At the earliest developmental stages, spontaneous activity synchronizes local and large-scale cortical networks. These networks form the functional template for the establishment of global ...thalamocortical networks and cortical architecture. The earliest connections are established autonomously. However, activity from the sensory periphery reshapes these circuits as soon as afferents reach the cortex. The early-generated, largely transient neurons of the subplate play a key role in integrating spontaneous and sensory-driven activity. Early pathological conditions-such as hypoxia, inflammation, or exposure to pharmacological compounds-alter spontaneous activity patterns, which subsequently induce disturbances in cortical network activity. This cortical dysfunction may lead to local and global miswiring and, at later stages, can be associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions.
Munkám során igyekszem bemutatni a nők kémkedésben betöltött szerepét a nagy háború során. Megvizsgálom néhány jelentősebb kémnő történetét és sorsuk alakulását. Szerepük kiemelten fontos volt már ...abban az időben is, nemzetbiztonsági szempontból, hiszen az általuk végzett tevékenység, a megszerzett információ előnyhöz juttathatta az egyik hadviselő felet a másikkal szemben. Ezért az elhárításnak is lényeges volt tudnia ezekről a személyekről és tevékenységükről.
Neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) is the most common cause of death and disability in human neonates, and is often associated with persistent motor, sensory, and cognitive impairment. Improved ...intensive care technology has increased survival without preventing neurological disorder, increasing morbidity throughout the adult population. Early preventative or neuroprotective interventions have the potential to rescue brain development in neonates, yet only one therapeutic intervention is currently licensed for use in developed countries. Recent investigations of the transient cortical layer known as subplate, especially regarding subplate's secretory role, opens up a novel set of potential molecular modulators of neonatal HI injury. This review examines the biological mechanisms of human neonatal HI, discusses evidence for the relevance of subplate-secreted molecules to this condition, and evaluates available animal models. Neuroserpin, a neuronally released neuroprotective factor, is discussed as a case study for developing new potential pharmacological interventions for use post-ischaemic injury.
Cortical and subcortical circuitry are thought to play distinct roles in the generation of sleep oscillations and global state control, respectively. Here we silenced a subset of neocortical layer 5 ...pyramidal and archicortical dentate gyrus granule cells in male mice by ablating SNAP25. This markedly increased wakefulness and reduced rebound of electroencephalographic slow-wave activity after sleep deprivation, suggesting a role for the cortex in both vigilance state control and sleep homeostasis.
Tanulmányomban a nők karitatív munkában és a jótékonysági szervezetekben vállalt szerepét vizsgálom. Bemutatom az egyik legismertebb jótékonysági egyesület, az Auguszta-alap tevékenységét és ...jelentősebb akcióit. Emellett megvizsgálom a jószolgálat terén működő egyik legkiemelkedőbb arisztokrata hölgy, Apponyi Franciska fóti aktivitását. A megannyi karitatív szervezet és személy kezdeményezései közül kiemelek néhány fontosnak tűnőt. Végül két Antant-állam, Nagy-Britannia és Franciaország jelentősebb karitatív akciót mutatom be.
Corticothalamic projection systems arise from 2 main cortical layers. Layer V neurons project exclusively to higher-order thalamic nuclei, while layer VIa fibers project to both first-order and ...higher-order thalamic nuclei. During early postnatal development, layer VIa and VIb fibers accumulate at the borders of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) before they innervate it. After neonatal monocular enucleation or silencing of the early retinal activity, there is premature entry of layer VIa and VIb fibers into the dLGN contralateral to the manipulation. Layer V fibers do not innervate the superficial gray layer of the superior colliculus during the first postnatal week, but also demonstrate premature entry to the contralateral superficial gray layer following neonatal enucleation. Normally, layer V driver projections to the thalamus only innervate higher-order nuclei. Our results demonstrate that removal of retinal input from the dLGN induces cortical layer V projections to aberrantly enter, arborize, and synapse within the first-order dLGN. These results suggest that there is cross-hierarchical corticothalamic plasticity after monocular enucleation. Cross-hierarchical rewiring has been previously demonstrated in the thalamocortical system (Pouchelon et al. 2014), and now we provide evidence for cross-hierarchical corticothalamic rewiring after loss of the peripheral sensory input.
Subplate cells in the mouse are generally defined as cells located in the subplate layer between the white matter and layer 6a. They are some of the earliest born and maturing cells of the cerebral ...cortex. The postnatal subplate layer in mouse contains neurons with expression of the presynaptic protein complexin 3 (Cplx3), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), the orphan nuclear receptor Nr4a2 (Nurr1), and the G-protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (Lpar1/Edg2). All 4 of these molecular markers show layer 6b-restricted expression at young postnatal ages, with CTGF expression being the most widespread in the young postnatal subplate. However, all 4 markers overlap in their expression pattern to varying degrees. Here we demonstrate with bromodeoxyuridine birthdating that cells labeled with any 1 of these molecular subplate markers are indeed generated at E11.5 or E12.5 in the mouse. Furthermore, we demonstrate a correlation between gene expression and cell birthdates. Lpar1-GFP cells are preferentially generated on E11.5, whereas Cplx3 or Nurr1-positive cells are equally generated during the 2-day peak of subplate neurogenesis (E11.5-E12.5). Our study also demonstrates that early-born subplate neurons labeled by Cplx3, Nurr1, and Lpar1-GFP survive preferentially after the first postnatal week compared with other subplate neurons.
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