Every state that signed a labour-recruitment agreement with West Germany attempted to exert influence over their citizens who lived in West Germany. But because most of the states with which West ...Germany signed agreements – with the exception of Italy – were ruled, at least for a time, by dictators or military juntas, the efforts by sending states to influence their citizens abroad at times proved problematic for the democratic and liberalizing West German state. This article examines West Germany's response to Yugoslavia's efforts to ‘govern the seventh republic’, that is, to exert a profound influence upon its citizens in West Germany. It focuses on the establishment, operation, and West German response to Yugo Clubs, institutions with which Yugoslav officials sought to bind their citizens more tightly to the Yugoslav state. This history represents, in some ways, a distinctive case, because Yugoslavia was the only communist state with which West Germany signed a labour-recruitment agreement. Shifts in the Cold War context, and especially the rise of détente and Willy Brandt's new Ostpolitik during the late 1960s, are thus critical to understanding West Germany's response to Yugoslavia's efforts to influence its citizens abroad. During the 1960s, West German officials, fearing a communist infiltration, resisted Yugoslavia's efforts to assert influence over Yugoslav labour migrants. But with the emergence of détente in the late 1960s and into the 1970s, West German officials supported Yugoslavia's attempts to influence Yugoslav guest workers, even when some troubling aspects of these efforts came to light. Finally, some German officials supported the clubs because they believed they would keep Yugoslav guest workers closely linked to their homeland, thereby increasing the likelihood that they would eventually return home. This belief, in turn, supported the West German fiction that it was not a land of immigration.
During Europe's 2015 refugee crisis, more than a hundred thousand asylum seekers from the western Balkans sought refuge in Germany. This was nothing new, however; immigrants from the Balkans have ...streamed into West Germany in massive numbers throughout the long postwar era.Memory, Politics, and Yugoslav Migrations to Postwar Germanytells the story of how Germans received the many thousands of Yugoslavs who migrated to Germany as political emigres, labor migrants, asylum seekers, and war refugees from 1945 to the mid-1990s. While Yugoslavs made up the second largest immigrant group in the country, their impact has received little critical attention until now. With a particular focus on German policies and attitudes toward immigrants, Christopher Molnar argues that considerations of race played only a marginal role in German attitudes and policies towards Yugoslavs. Rather, the history of Yugoslavs in postwar Germany was most profoundly shaped by the memory of World War II and the shifting Cold War context. Molnar shows how immigration was a key way in which Germany negotiated the meaning and legacy of the war.
This volume brings together a diverse group of scholars from North
America and Europe to explore the history and memory of Germany's
fateful push for power in the Balkans during the era of the two
...world wars and the long postwar period. Each chapter focuses on one
or more of four interrelated themes: war, empire, (forced)
migration, and memory. The first section, "War and Empire in the
Balkans," explores Germany's quest for empire in Southeast Europe
during the first half of the century, a goal that was pursued by
economic and military means. The book's second section,
"Aftershocks and Memories of War," focuses on entangled
German-Balkan histories that were shaped by, or a direct legacy of,
Germany's exceptionally destructive push for power in Southeast
Europe during World War II. German-Balkan Entangled Histories
in the Twentieth Century expands and enriches the neglected
topic of Germany's continued entanglements with the Balkans in the
era of the world wars, the Cold War, and today.
In recent years historians have argued that after the collapse of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the concept of race became a taboo topic in postwar Germany but that Germans nonetheless continued to ...perceive resident foreign populations in racialized terms. Important studies of Jewish displaced persons, the black children of American occupation soldiers and German women, and Turkish guest workers have highlighted continuities and transformations in German racial thought from the Nazi era into the postwar world, particularly in West Germany. In a programmatic essay, Rita Chin and Heide Fehrenbach argue that “the question of race remained at the very center of social policy and collective imagination during the occupation years, as the Western Allies worked to democratize Germany, and during the Bonn Republic,” and they call for a new historiography that is more attentive to the category of race and the process of racialization in Germany and Europe after 1945. While this newfound emphasis on race in Germany's postwar history has been salutary, an approach that puts race and racialization at the center of German interactions with resident foreign populations runs the risk of sidelining the experiences of foreign groups that Germans did not view in primarily racial terms. Indeed, to a certain extent this has already occurred. By the mid-1980s, public and policy discourse on immigrants in West Germany came to focus overwhelmingly on Turks and the problems raised by their “alien” Islamic cultural practices. That West Germany's guest worker program had resulted in the permanent settlement of hundreds of thousands of Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Yugoslavs was largely forgotten. When historians, anthropologists, and scholars in other disciplines began taking more interest in Germany's migration history in recent decades, they too focused overwhelmingly on Turks. Only in recent years has the historiography of Germany's postwar migration history started to reflect the multinational character of Germany's immigrant population.
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Retinal prostheses promise to be a viable therapy for many forms of blindness. Direct stimulation of neurons using an organic light-sensitive, self-assembled monolayer surface offers ...a simple alternative to conventional semiconductor technology. For this purpose we have derivatized an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate with the photosensitive dye, NK5962, using 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) as cross-linker. The surface was characterized through contact angle goniometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, grazing angle infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. NG108-15 neurons were grown on the ITO-APTMS-NK5962 surface and neural responses from electrical stimulation vs. photostimulation through the ITO-APTMS-NK5962 surface were measured using patch clamp electrophysiology. Under these conditions, photostimulation of depolarized cells caused an approximate 2-fold increase in voltage-gated sodium (Na+) current amplitude at a membrane potential of −30mV. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of stimulating neurons, grown on light-sensitive surfaces, with light impulses, which ultimately may facilitate the fabrication of a simple, passive retinal prosthetic.
Proper staging of the mediastinum is an essential component of lung cancer evaluation. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PETCT) and endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle ...aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) are an integral part of this process. False-positive PETCT results can occur following surgical procedures but has not been demonstrated following EBUS-TBNA. We aimed to determine whether false-positive PETCT rates increase when EBUS-TBNA is performed prior to PETCT.
A retrospective review was carried out of clinical cases that underwent both PETCT and EBUS-TBNA within 30 days for the suspected malignancy. The impact of test sequence on the PETCT false-positive rate (FPR) was determined using Generalised Estimating Equation logistic regression analysis.
A total of 675 lymph node stations were sampled and imaged on PETCT. Overall, 332 (49.2%) nodes were sampled by EBUS-TBNA before PETCT, and 343 (50.8%) afterwards, with the interval between EBUS and subsequent PETCT being a mean±sd of 11.6±6.8 days (range 1-29). The FPR on qualitative PETCT for the EBUS first group was 41 (23.2%) out of 164, and for PETCT first it was 57 (29.0%) out of 193 for a difference of 5.8% (95% CI -3.4-14.7, p=0.22). In the regression model, EBUS as the first test was associated with a lower FPR when using the clinical PETCT interpretation.
The performance of EBUS-TBNA sampling did not influence the FPR of PETCT when bronchoscopy took place in the 30 days prior to testing. Test sequence should be selected based on other clinical considerations.
Integra (Integra Lifesciences Corporation, Plainsboro, NJ) has been used in a variety of reconstructive surgical procedures. The application of Integra using subatmospheric pressure (V.A.C., Kinetic ...Concepts, Inc, San Antonio, TX) has been suggested to be easier, faster, and more consistent than previous dressings, allowing grafting as soon as 1 week after Integra placement. Ten patients were chosen for outpatient reconstructive surgery with Integra and subatmospheric pressure with skin grafting 7-10 days (mean = 8 days) post-Integra. Skin graft take was 75% to 100% (mean = 91.5%). No patients required additional grafting or reconstruction. Integra may be successfully used for reconstruction of difficult areas as an outpatient in combination with subatmospheric pressure (V.A.C.). This allows for expedited treatment, decreased morbidity, and lower cost versus standard Integra application.
Any organisation that captures personal data in Canada for processing is deemed to have a 'real and substantial connection' to Canada and thus fall within the jurisdiction of the Personal Information ...Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) and of the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC). What has been the experience of enforcing Canadian privacy protection law on US-based social networking services? We analyse some of the high-profile enforcement actions by the Privacy Commissioner. We also test compliance through an analysis of the privacy policies of the top 23 SNSs operating in Canada and through the use of access to personal information requests. Our analysis suggests that non-compliance is widespread, and is explained by the countervailing conceptions of jurisdiction inherent in corporate policy and technical system design.
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