•Resource recovery from urban wastewater to promote shift towards a circular economy.•Pilot and full-scale studies show MBBR as suitable system for treated wastewater reuse.•Numerous methods ...developed for nutrient recovery from WWTP’s effluents.
Over the last years, an increasing concern has emerged regarding the eco-friendly management of wastewater. Apart from the role of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for wastewater and sewage sludge treatment, the increasing need of the recovery of the resources contained in wastewater, such as nutrients and water, should be highlighted. This would allow for transforming a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) into a sustainable technological system.
The objective of this review is to propose a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) as a novel technology that contributes to the circularity of the wastewater treatment sector according to the principles of circular economy. In this regard, this paper aims to consider the MBBR process as the initial step for water reuse, and nutrient removal and recovery, within the circular economy model.
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•Membrane-based treatments and AOP combination was assessed for wastewater reclamation.•MBR and MBBR-MBR can regenerate wastewater with highest quality set in ...2018/0169/COD.•Pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater can be completely removed using MBBR-MBR + AOP.•The heterotrophic kinetics of biomass is affected by the presence of pharmaceuticals.
This research was performed to assess the production of reclaimed water from urban wastewater in membrane bioreactor – advanced oxidation process (MBR-AOP) and moving bed biofilm reactor – membrane bioreactor – advanced oxidation process (MBBR-MBR-AOP) combined treatments to study the effect of biofilm incorporation. Both combined treatments were operated at the same conditions (10 h of hydraulic retention time, 6500 mg/L of mixed liquor suspended solids and 25 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide dosage over 15 min). Additionally, the removal capacity of some pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen) and their impact on the kinetic behaviour of the biomass in both systems were evaluated. From the results, it was found a membrane-based bioreactor can achieve both wastewater secondary treatment and pre-treatment for advanced oxidation process, so both MBR-AOP and MBBR-MBR-AOP treatments have a great potential to produce high quality reclaimed water (biological oxygen demand <0.5 mgO2/L, suspended solids <1 mg/L, turbidity <1 NTU and no presence of E. coli), according to European Commission proposal 2018/0169/COD. The addition of carriers improved the biodegradation of the most persistent pharmaceuticals in the biological treatment (from 69.20 ± 1.54% to 75.14 ± 2.71% for carbamazepine and from 60.41 ± 2.16 to 63.14 ± 2.70% for ciprofloxacin). It had, as a consequence, the MBBR-MBR-AOP system showing a complete degradation of pharmaceuticals after 5 min AOP treatment compared to the MBR-AOP system. The loss of biomass in the MBR-AOP (from 5233.45 to 4451.92 mg/L) and the increase of the substrate degradation rate for organic matter in both treatments (from 37.27 to 41.42 and from 30.25 to 33.19 mgO2/(L·h) in MBR-AOP and MBBR-MBR-AOP, respectively) are some of the consequences of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater.
AbstractEmerging contaminants are a global concern, as Directive 2013/39/UE shows. Given the possible consequences that may lead to the presence of these compounds in water resources, different ...proposals are being evaluated to avoid their discharge into the environment. This study focuses on the use of a biological and physicochemical combined treatment formed by a membrane bioreactor with an H2O2/UltraViolet (UV) advanced oxidation process coupled subsequently to degrade contaminants of emerging concern in real urban wastewater. The membrane bioreactor operated at 16 h of hydraulic retention time and 4,250 mg/L of mixed liquor suspended solids. Different hydrogen peroxide dosages (25, 50, and 100 mg/L) were tested in the photoreactor at 20°C and the natural pH of the wastewater. Different initial concentrations of a mix of pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, and ibuprofen) were tested. Removal efficiencies obtained in the biological stage ranged from 66.23%–96.18%, 90.63%–100%, and 90.04%–96.48%, respectively. However, complete removal was achieved after the physicochemical stage when the concentrations of contaminants in the mix were similar to current concentration levels in urban wastewater.
Attachment security, values, and prosocial attitudes Monteoliva, Adelaida; García‐Martínez, J. Miguel A.; Sánchez Santa‐Bárbara, Emilio ...
Scandinavian journal of psychology,
August 2018, Letnik:
59, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The objective of this study was to determine whether individuals with different attachment styles held different prosocial values and attitudes given their different models of self and of others. A ...sample of 717 university students completed the ECR‐S (Experiences in Close Relationships‐Spanish) and the PVQ (Portrait Values Questionnaire), and evaluated different prosocial attitudes. The results showed that secure individuals reported higher scores on self‐transcendence and in the value self‐directions of the dimension openness to change, whereas insecure individuals had higher scores on conservation and self‐enhancement. No differences were found in the attitudes of individuals with different attachment styles. These findings show a link between the dimensions of the universal values theory, and the models of self and of others.
This study focuses on the use of advanced oxidation processes as a tertiary treatment in wastewater treatment plants to degrade contaminants of emerging concern at the natural pH of the biologically ...treated wastewater. Different peroxide dosages and initial concentrations of a mix of three pharmaceuticals commonly present in wastewater (carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen) were tested in a batch photoreactor. The addition of Fe
2+
and TiO
2
as catalysts was also tested with the aim of improving the degradation rate of the pharmaceuticals. Among the contaminants tested, ciprofloxacin was the pollutant that showed the best degradation. It was completely removed from water after 20 min of treatment under any of the experimental conditions assessed. High degradation percentages, between 89.83 and 100%, were achieved for ibuprofen, while carbamazepine shows the lowest degradation, ranging from 80.14 to 100%. In terms of global efficiency, a complete degradation was achieved when the concentration of the tested contaminants was similar to current concentration levels in urban wastewater effluents. The addition of the catalysts did not significantly improve the degradation rates.
Bowlby's attachment theory suggested that the attachment experiences of early childhood influence adult approaches to close relationships. As a result of these experiences, the child develops typical ...mental schemas or internal working models. The aim of this study was to analyze how young people with different attachment styles perceive the benefits and costs involved in spending as much time as possible with their partner, and to determine whether their beliefs reflect the internal working models associated with their attachment style. A sample of 1,539 university students responded to the Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew & Horowith, 1991), and to a questionnaire about behavioral beliefs (perceived benefits and costs). Results show that young people with different attachment styles hold different beliefs about the consequences derived from engaging in a specific behavior in romantic relationships. Secure and preoccupied individuals perceived more benefits than costs associated with the behavior, whereas dismissing and fearful individuals perceived more costs than benefits. Furthermore, secure and preoccupied individuals rated those behavioral consequences leading to enhanced intimacy or closeness more positively than avoidant individuals, whereas dismissing individuals rated more negatively those consequences that involved a loss of independence. These results confirm that a congruity exists between the beliefs associated with the behavior studied and the internal working models related to each adult attachment style.
Eutrophication is a main threat to continental aquatic ecosystems. Prevention and amelioration actions have been taken under the assumption of a stable climate, which needs reconsideration. Here, we ...show that reduced precipitation can bring a lake ecosystem to a more productive regime even with a decline in nutrient external load. By analyzing time series of several decades in the largest lake of the Iberian Peninsula, we found autocorrelated changes in the variance of state variables (i.e., chlorophyll and oxygen) indicative of a transient situation towards a new ecosystem regime. Indeed, exceptional planktonic diatom blooms have occurred during the last few years, and the sediment record shows a shift in phytoplankton composition and an increase in nutrient retention. Reduced precipitation almost doubled the water residence time in the lake, enhancing the relevance of internal processes. This study demonstrates that ecological quality targets for aquatic ecosystems must be tailored to the changing climatic conditions for appropriate stewardship.
Research to date has revealed that the association between gender, attachment and the quality and functioning of intimate relationships is complex. This study examined the relationship between gender ...and attachment styles in attitudes to communication with one's partner and in the number of past relationships in a sample of 746 Spanish undergraduates. The Relationship Questionnaire was administered to them to determine the adult attachment style. The results revealed the existence of differences according to the adult attachment style and gender with regard to the two measured variables, and a significant effect of the interaction between gender and attachment. Dismissing men reported the highest average scores in the number of past relationships, with significant differences appearing when they were compared with secure and preoccupied men. However, dismissing women did not differ from the rest of the women with other attachment styles. When men and women with the same attachment styles were compared in this variable, the only significant differences were found between dismissing men and women (with the latter reporting fewer partners). In the case of attitudes to expressing feelings to one's partner, dismissing men reported the most negative attitudes, compared with secure and preoccupied men. Dismissing women, unlike the men, did not differ in their attitudes either from preoccupied or fearful women. Moreover, clear differences were shown between dismissing men and women in these attitudes (more negative in the case of men).
Jusqu'à ce jour, la recherche a révélé que l'association entre le genre, l'attachement et la qualité et le fonctionnement des relations intimes est complexe. Cette étude examinait la relation entre le genre et le style d'attachement en lien avec les attitudes envers la communication avec son conjoint et le nombre de relations conjugales passées. L'étude fut réalisée auprès d'un échantillon de 746 étudiants espagnols de premier cycle universitaire. Le Questionnaire sur les relations a été administré aux participants afin de déterminer leur style d'attachement adulte. Les résultats ont révélé des différences selon le style d'attachement et le genre relativement aux deux variables examinées, ainsi qu'un effet d'interaction significatif entre le style d'attachement et le genre. Les hommes ayant un attachement détaché ont rapporté les scores moyens les plus élevés pour le nombre de relations passées, lesquels sont significativement différents des scores obtenus par les hommes ayant un attachement sécurisant ou préoccupé. Cependant, les femmes détachées ne se sont pas avérées différentes des femmes ayant un autre style d'attachement. La comparaison des hommes et des femmes ayant le même style d'attachement, par rapport au nombre de relations passées, a révélé des différences significatives seulement entre les hommes et les femmes détachés (ces dernières ont rapporté le moins grand nombre de partenaires). Concernant les attitudes envers l'expression des sentiments à son conjoint, les hommes détachés ont rapporté les attitudes les plus négatives, comparativement aux hommes sécurisés ou préoccupés. Les femmes détachées, contrairement aux hommes, ne présentaient pas de différence dans leurs attitudes comparativement aux femmes préoccupées ou craintives. De plus, des différences claires ont été obtenues entre les hommes et les femmes détachés relativement à ces attitudes (lesquelles sont plus négatives chez les hommes).
Hasta ahora, la investigación ha revelado que la asociación entre el género, el apego y la calidad y el funcionamiento de las relaciones íntimas es compleja. Este estudio examinó la relación entre el género y los estilos de apego en las actitudes hacia la comunicación con la pareja y en el número de relaciones anteriores en una muestra de 746 estudiantes universitarios españoles, a quienes se les administró el Relationship Questionnaire Cuestionario de Relaciones para determinar el estilo de apego adulto que presentaban. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de diferencias según el estilo de apego adulto y el género en relación a las dos variables evaluadas, y un efecto significativo de la interacción entre el género y el apego. Los hombres con apego rechazante mostraron el mayor promedio de relaciones anteriores, haciéndose evidentes las diferencias significativas cuando se los comparaba con los hombres con apego seguro y preocupado o temeroso. Sin embargo, las mujeres con apego rechazante no se diferenciaron del resto de las mujeres con otros estilos de apego. Cuando se compararon los hombres y mujeres con el mismo estilo de apego en esta variable, las diferencias significativas sólo se manifestaron entre los hombres y mujeres con apego rechazante (las mujeres informando haber tenido menos parejas). En el caso de las actitudes hacia la expresión de sentimientos a la pareja, los hombres con apego rechazante informaron las actitudes más negativas en comparación con los hombres con apego seguro y apego preocupado o temeroso. Las mujeres con apego rechazante, a diferencia de los hombres, no difirieron en sus actitudes en comparación con las mujeres con apego preocupado o temeroso. Además, se mostraron diferencias claras en estas actitudes entre hombres y mujeres con apego rechazante (más negativas en el caso de los hombres).
Abstract
This study explores interaction in two authentic interpreter-mediated police interviews with suspects. The
analysis focuses on the interpreting regime used: stand-by interpreting. The ...interactional regime in the analysed interviews
featured exolingual communication in English between a Spanish-speaking suspect with emerging competencies in English and
English-speaking interviewers, with intermittent interpreter participation. Drawing on Conversation Analysis and interactional
sociolinguistics, this study analyses how the interpreting regime was negotiated, how it was constructed over the course of the
interviews, and the observable function of interpreting episodes. The analysis revealed a markedly collaborative nature of
stand-by interpreting, differences in the distribution of interactional power over interpreting episodes among the three
participants depending on their activity role and the interview phase, and the multimodal nature of turn-management. Interpreting
was used selectively as a resource to either repair or prevent miscommunication, aligning with the way the interpreting regime was
set up. Rather than advocating for or against the stand-by mode of interpreting, this paper describes its features in the police
interview and highlights both its potential and its risks for communication in interpreter-mediated police interviews as a
discourse genre.
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•A relationship between strain-variability in growth and storage pH was observed.•Variability is minimum near optimum growth conditions and increases towards the growth limits.•A ...model equation is proposed as “secondary model for variability”•The relationship between variability and growth conditions could be of great relevance for QMRA.
Variability in microbial growth is a keystone of modern Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA). However, there are still significant knowledge gaps on how to model variability, with the most common assumption being that variability is constant. This is implemented by an error term (with constant variance) added on top of the secondary growth model (for the square root of the growth rate). However, this may go against microbial ecology principles, where differences in growth fitness among bacterial strains would be more prominent in the vicinity of the growth limits than at optimal growth conditions.
This study coins the term “secondary models for variability”, evaluating whether they should be considered in QMRA instead of the constant strain variability hypothesis. For this, 21 strains of Listeria innocua were used as case study, estimating their growth rate by the two-fold dilution method at pH between 5 and 10. Estimates of between-strain variability and experimental uncertainty were obtained for each pH using mixed-effects models, showing the lowest variability at optimal growth conditions, increasing towards the growth limits. Nonetheless, the experimental uncertainty also increased towards the extremes, evidencing the need to analyze both sources of variance independently. A secondary model was thus proposed, relating strain variability and pH conditions. Although the modelling approach certainly has some limitations that would need further experimental validation, it is an important step towards improving the description of variability in QMRA, being the first model of this type in the field.
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