Buttermilk, a byproduct of butter manufacturing, has gained considerable attention due to its high concentration of polar lipids as phospho- and sphingolipids from the milk fat globule membrane ...(MFGM). These polar lipids (PLs) are essential components of all cellular membranes and exert a variety of indispensable metabolic, neurological, and intracellular signaling processes. Despite its importance, there are few research studies that report a comprehensive characterization of the lipid molecular species of MFGM that could contribute to a better understanding of their putative healthful activities. In this study, procedures such as pressurized liquid extraction of polar and nonpolar lipids and their fractionation by flash chromatography have been carried out. The obtained fractions were submitted to an exhaustive characterization from a lipidomic point of view. The characterization includes new data about the identification and quantification of triacylglycerides (TAG), diacylglycerides (DAG), and phospho- and sphingolipids using different chromatographic techniques. The fatty acid profile was comparable to that of the milk fat but with a highly diverse composition of fatty acids. Molecular species have also been determined by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QToF-MS). The TAG (16:0/16:0/6:0) and TAG (16:0/16:0/8:0) were the predominant saturated TAG species and TAG (14:0/18:1/16:0) and TAG (16:0/16:0/18:1) presented the highest content of monounsaturated TAG species. Furthermore; over 30 molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) could be identified within PL, with PC (16:0/18:1) being the most abundant species. Whereas C16:0 was found to be the preferred FA in TAGs, it was C18:1 in PLs. Several ganglioside species have also been characterized with d18:1 ceramide moiety and secondary acyl chains ranging from C20:0 to C26:1. This approach could broaden the applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry for a better understanding of the role of MFGM and its functionality.
Microalgae are important microorganisms regulating crucial biogeochemical cycles that also have a wide range of biotechnological applications. Their cultivation in conjunction with material and ...nutrient recycling represent a considerable opportunity as part of a regenerative economic system for exploitation of recycled matter, called the “circular economy”. In recent years, there has been considerable discussion about the potential of microalgae as feedstock for renewable biofuels, but there may be other diverse commercial opportunities for microalgae. A range of high-value products such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), pigments, and others bioactive compounds are useful as nutraceuticals and cosmetics, as well as for industrial purposes. However, unexplored natural sources of bioactive molecules from microalgae are gaining much attention since they can lead to the discovery of new compounds or bioactivities. In terms of environmental biotechnology, microalgae have a major role to play particularly for the treatment of agro-industrial wastewater, and against numerous pollutants such as heavy metal or pesticides. The present review has been prepared to update the potential of microalgae biomass for biotechnological applications other than biofuels.
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•Microalgae present opportunities for sustainable development in a circular economy.•Review of technological processes for biofertilizer production using microalgae.•State of the art in microalgae for industrial wastewater treatment.
The lipid profiles of Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 and two related 16S rDNA (99% identity) strains were established by a new method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray-mass ...spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Lipids were analysed in the positive and negative ionization mode, and fragmentation patterns are reported. No differences in the lipid profi le between the three strains could be observed, but the relative content of some species differed. Major lipid species were found to be 1-octadecatrienoyl- 2-hexadecanoyl-3-(6’-sulfo-α-D-quinovosyl)-sn-glycerol SQDG (18:3/16:0) and 1-octadecatrienoyl-2-hexadecenoyl-3-β-D-monogalactosyl-sn-glycerol MGDG (18:3/16:1). Ten species of SQDG, six species of PG (phosphatidyl-glycerol), seven species of MGDG, and two species of DGDG (digalactosyl-diacyl-glycerol) were detected. A PG species (m/z 761) containing hydroxylinolenic acid or oxophytodienoic acid acyl ester (C18H32O3), and SQDG species containing C17:1 and C17:3 fatty acyl esters are reported for the first time in cyanobacteria. The method also allowed the separation of two pairs of closely related isobaric MGDG species (m/z 770 and m/z 772 in positive ionization)
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) are key players in the defense against fungal infection because of their outstanding capacity for non-opsonic phagocytosis and phenotypic plasticity. ...Accordingly, MDDCs rewire metabolism to meet the energetic demands for microbial killing and biomass synthesis required to restore homeostasis. It has been commonplace considering the metabolic reprogramming a mimicry of the Warburg effect observed in tumor cells. However, this may be an oversimplification since the offshoots of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are connected in central carbon metabolism. Zymosan, the external wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contains β-glucan and α-mannan chains that engage the C-type lectin receptors dectin-1/2 and Toll-like receptors. This makes it an optimal fungal surrogate for experimental research. Using real-time bioenergetic assays and U–13Cglucose labeling, central hubs connected to cytokine expression were identified. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) exhibited a more relevant capacity to yield ribose-5-phosphate than reducing equivalents of NADPH, as judged from the high levels of isotopologues showing 13C-labeling in the ribose moiety and the limited contribution of the oxidative arm of the PPP to the production of ROS by NADPH oxidases (NOX). The finding of 13C-label in the purine ring and in glutathione unveiled the contribution of serine-derived glycine to purine ring and glutathione synthesis. Serine synthesis also supported the TCA cycle. Zymosan exhausted NAD+ and ATP, consistent with intracellular consumption and/or extracellular export. Poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins detected in the nuclear fractions of MDDCs did not show major changes upon zymosan stimulation, which suggests its dependence on constitutive Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent demethylation of 5-methylcytosine by TET translocases and/or demethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 by JMJD demethylases rather than on NOX activities. These results disclose a unique pattern of central carbon metabolism following fungal challenge, characterized by the leverage of glycolysis offshoots and an extensive recycling of NAD+ and poly(ADP-ribose).
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Correct assessment of the fatty acyl at the glycerol
-2 position in triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is challenging. Ammonium hydroxide (NH
OH) is ...the preferred choice for the solvent additive for the formation of the ammonium adduct (M + NH
). In this study, the influence of different NH
OH concentrations in the eluents on TAG adduct formation and fragmentation under LC-MS analysis was assessed. Increasing NH
OH concentrations delayed the chromatographic elution time according to a power function. The M + NH
and M + ACN + NH
adducts (where ACN means acetonitrile) were formed at all ammonium concentrations assayed. M + ACN + NH
predominated above 18.26 mM NH
OH, and the intensity of M + NH
dropped. TAG fragmentation for fatty acyl release in the MS
was reduced with increasing M + ACN + NH
adduct, which suggests that ACN stabilizes the adduct in a way that inhibits the rupture of the ester bonds in TAGs. A linear equation (H
= a × H
, where
-I refers to the
position of the glycerol (I = 1, 2, or 3) and H is the peak height) was deduced to quantify the dehydroxydiacylglycerol fragment intensity in relation to M + NH
intensity in the full scan. This equation had a slope mean value of 0.369 ± 0.058 for the
-1 and
-3 positions, and of 0.188 ± 0.007 for the
-2 position.
Deficient management of replacement animals in the farm during early developmental windows may promote adverse programming effects on reproductive traits and subsequent transmission to the next ...generation. In this sense, DNA methylation profiles allow researchers to decode epigenetic regulation mechanisms in mammals and identify novel candidate genes correlated with phenotype differences in both dams and offspring. Therefore, improving knowledge in the field of epigenetics and intergenerational effects caused by prenatal and postnatal early nutritional events (e.g., feed restriction) is crucial for refining strategies dedicated to animal breeding. In this study, we determined differences in the global blood methylation patterns, biochemical profile, and metabolome of ewe lambs (F1) born from either early feed restricted dams (F0-RES) or fed
(F0-ADL). Our data show that functional categories such as those related to cellular processes, phosphorylation, nervous system, immunity response, or reproductive function were enriched significantly in the F1-RES lambs due to differences in the methylation of genes in these categories. These F1-RES lambs did not show differences in feed efficiency during the replacement period but presented higher levels of insulin and triglycerides and reduced concentration of progesterone, whereas the metabolome profile demonstrated variations in the bile acid composition when compared with the F1-ADL lambs. Taken together, all these results suggest that intergenerational effects caused by early feed restriction of dams (F0) may persist in the F1 female lambs with negative consequences on genes involved in cellular processes and reproductive traits.
While immunotherapies for diverse types of cancer are effective in many cases, relapse is still a lingering problem. Like tumor cells, activated immune cells have an anabolic metabolic profile, ...relying on glycolysis and the increased uptake and synthesis of fatty acids. In contrast, immature antigen-presenting cells, as well as anergic and exhausted T-cells have a catabolic metabolic profile that uses oxidative phosphorylation to provide energy for cellular processes. One goal for enhancing current immunotherapies is to identify metabolic pathways supporting the immune response to tumor antigens. A robust cell expansion and an active modulation via immune checkpoints and cytokine release are required for effective immunity. Lipids, as one of the main components of the cell membrane, are the key regulators of cell signaling and proliferation. Therefore, lipid metabolism reprogramming may impact proliferation and generate dysfunctional immune cells promoting tumor growth. Based on lipid-driven signatures, the discrimination between responsiveness and tolerance to tumor cells will support the development of accurate biomarkers and the identification of potential therapeutic targets. These findings may improve existing immunotherapies and ultimately prevent immune escape in patients for whom existing treatments have failed.
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the Biology and Biochemistry of viral infections are known to depend on the lipid metabolism of infected cells. From a lipidomics viewpoint, there are a variety ...of mechanisms involving virus infection that encompass virus entry, the disturbance of host cell lipid metabolism, and the role played by diverse lipids in regard to the infection effectiveness. All these aspects have currently been tackled separately as independent issues and focused on the function of proteins. Here, we review the role of cholesterol and other lipids in ssRNA+ infection.
The membrane glycerolipids of four phototrophs that were isolated from an edaphic assemblage were determined by UPLC-MS after cultivation in a laboratory growth chamber. Identification was carried ...out by 18S and 16S rDNA sequencing. The algal species were
(Charophyta),
sp. (Chlorophyta), and
(Bacillariophyta), and the cyanobacterium was
(Cyanobacteria). The glycerolipid profile of
sp. was dominated by monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) species, with MGDG(18:3/16:4) accounting for 68.6%, whereas MGDG(18:3/16:3) was the most abundant glycerolipid in
(50.1%). A ratio of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) species to MGDG species (DGDG/MGDG) was shown to be higher in
(0.26) than in
sp. (0.14). This ratio increased under high light (HL) as compared to low light (LL) in all the organisms, with its highest value being shown in cyanobacterium (0.38-0.58, LL-HL). High contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) and hexadecenoic acid were observed in the glycerolipids of
. Similar Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectra were found for
and
sp. Specific bands at 1629.06 and 1582.78 cm
were shown by
in the Raman spectra. Conversely, specific bands in the FTIR spectrum were observed for
at 1143 and 1744 cm
. The results of this study point out differences in the membrane lipid composition between species, which likely reflects their different morphology and evolutionary patterns.
Given that TLRs and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are key players in inflammation, we explored the potential interplay between TLRs and S1P in the adhesion/inflammatory pathways in primary human ...endothelial cells. As determined by Western blot and flow cytometry, cells treated with LPS (a TLR4 ligand) and S1P showed significantly enhanced expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and E-selectin compared with the effect of either ligand alone. Cell-type differences on E-selectin upregulation were observed. In contrast, no cooperation effect on ICAM-1 or E-selectin was observed with a TLR2/TLR1 ligand. Consistent with an increase in adhesion molecule expression, endothelial cell treatment with LPS plus S1P significantly enhanced adhesion of PBMCs under shear stress conditions compared with the effect of either ligand alone and exhibited comparable levels of cell adhesion strength as those after TNF-α treatment. Moreover, LPS and S1P cooperated to increase the expression of proinflammatory molecules such as IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostacyclin, as determined by ELISA and Western blot. The analysis of signaling pathways revealed the synergistic phosphorylation of ERK upon LPS plus S1P treatment of HUVEC and human aortic endothelial cells and cell-type differences on p38 and NF-κB activation. Moreover, pharmacological and small interfering RNA experiments disclosed the involvement of S1P(1/3) and NF-κB in the cooperation effect and that cell origin determines the S1P receptors and signaling routes involved. Sphingosine kinase activity induction upon LPS plus S1P treatment suggests S1P- Sphingosine kinase axis involvement. In summary, LPS and S1P cooperate to increase proinflammatory molecules in endothelial cells and, in turn, to augment leukocyte adhesion, thus exacerbating S1P-mediated proadhesive/proinflammatory properties.
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