The LHCb Outer Tracker is a gaseous detector covering an area of 5 x 6 m super(2) with 12 double layers of straw tubes. The detector with its services are described together with the commissioning ...and calibration procedures. Based on data of the first LHC running period from 2010 to 2012, the performance of the readout electronics and the single hit resolution and efficiency are presented. The efficiency to detect a hit in the central half of the straw is estimated to be 99.2%, and the position resolution is determined to be approximately 200 mu m. The Outer Tracker received a dose in the hottest region corresponding to 0.12 C/cm, and no signs of gain deterioration or other ageing effects are observed.
Efforts to use traditional native tissue strategies and reduce the use of meshes have been made in several countries. Combining native tissue repair with sufficient mesh applied apical repair might ...provide a means of effective treatment. The study group did perform and publish a randomized trial focusing on the combination of traditional native tissue repair with pectopexy or sacrocolpopexy and observed no severe or hitherto unknown risks for patients (Noé G.K. J Endourol 2015;29(2):210-5.). The short-term follow-up of this international multicenter study carried out now is presented in this article.
Eleven clinics and 13 surgeons in four European counties participated in the trial. In order to ensure a standardized approach and obtain comparable data, all surgeons were obliged to follow a standardized approach for pectopexy, focusing on the area of fixation and the use of a prefabricated mesh (PVDF PRP 3 × 15 Dynamesh). The mesh was solely used for apical repair. All other clinically relevant defects were treated with native tissue repair. Colposuspension or TVT were used for the treatment of incontinence. Data were collected independently for 14 months on a secured server; 501 surgeries were registered and evaluated. Two hundred and sixty-four patients out of 479 (55.1%) returned for the physical examination and interview after 12-18 months.
The mean duration of follow-up was 15 months. The overall success of apical repair was rated positively by 96.9%, and the satisfaction score was rated positively by 95.5%. A positive general recommendation was expressed by 95.1% of patients. Pelvic pressure was reduced in 95.2%, pain in 98.0%, and urgency in 86.0% of patients. No major complications, mesh exposure, or mesh complication occurred during the follow-up period.
In clinical routine, pectopexy and concomitant surgery, mainly using native tissue approaches, resulted in high satisfaction rates and favorable clinical findings. The procedure may also be recommended for use by general urogynecological practitioners with experience in laparoscopy.
The technique of laparoscopic pectopexy was published in 2010. A subsequent randomized trial focused on pectopexy versus sacropexy revealed no new risks for patients and significant advantages in ...terms of operating time and de novo defecation disorders compared to sacrocolpopexy. The present international multicenter trial was performed to evaluate the applicability of the technique in clinical routine.
Eleven clinics and 13 surgeons in four European counties participated in the trial. To ensure a standardized approach and obtain comparable data, all surgeons followed the same rules in placing the apical tape, no further mesh was used. Data were collected for 14 months on a secured server; 501 surgeries were documented and evaluated.
Patients treated at the leading center (2 surgeons) contributed 44 % of the patient population. We made a distinction between high-volume (48–135 surgeries annually) (n = 4), intermediate-volume (28–37 surgeries annually) (n = 4), and low-volume (7–22 surgeries annually) (n = 5) surgeons.
97.3 % of the patients (n = 501) had delivered children; 5.6 % had had a Caesarian section. 29.7 % of the patients had undergone a hysterectomy.
The operating time for pectopexy was less than 60 min in 79 % of cases. The procedures were completed in less than 159 min in 71 % of cases. Severe complications (n = 5) included four cases of organ damage (related to concomitant surgeries or adhesions) and one case of relevant bleeding. De novo incontinence was registered in two cases and voiding dysfunction in three. No intestinal obstruction or defecation disorder was observed. Two complicated infections were noted. Urinary infection occurred in 2 % of patients.
In clinical routine severe complications occurred in 1 %. The latter were unrelated to pectopexy, but occurred due to concomitant procedures or adhesions. The overall operating time as well as the operating time for pectopexy were similar to those reported in published studies on sacrocolpopexy.
Radiation hardness of the LHCb Outer Tracker van Eijk, D.; Bachmann, S.; Bauer, Th ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/2012, Letnik:
685
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper presents results on the radiation hardness of the LHCb Outer Tracker (OT) during LHC operation in 2010 and 2011. Modules of the OT have shown to suffer from ageing effects that lead to ...gain loss, after irradiation in the laboratory. Under irradiation at moderate intensities an insulating layer is formed on the anode wire of the OT straw cells. This ageing effect is caused by contamination of the counting gas due to outgassing of the glue used in the construction of the OT modules. Two methods to monitor gain stability in the OT are presented: module scans with radioactive sources and the study of hit efficiency as a function of amplifier threshold. No gain loss is observed after receiving 1.3fb−1 of integrated luminosity corresponding to an integrated charge of 0.055C/cm in the hottest spot of the detector.
Phase equilibria, for the binary systems {
n-alkanes (tridecane, octadecane, or eicosane), or cyclohexane, or 1-alkanol (1-hexadecanol, or 1-octadecanol, or 1-eicosanol)
+
2,3-pentanedione} have been ...determined using a cryometric dynamic method at atmospheric pressure. The influence of pressure on liquidus curve up to 800
MPa was determined for (tridecane, or cyclohexane
+
2,3-pentanedione) systems. A thermostated apparatus for the measurements of transition pressures from the liquid to the solid state in two component isothermal solutions (pressometry) was used. The freezing and melting temperatures at a constant composition increase monotonously with pressure. The high-pressure experimental results obtained at isothermal conditions (
p–
x) were interpolated to well known
T–
x diagrams.
Immiscibility in the liquid phase was observed only for the
n-alkanes mixtures. The solubility decreases with an increase of the number of carbon atoms in the
n-alkane, or 1-alkanol chain. The higher intermolecular solute–solvent interaction was observed for the 1-alkanols.
Experimental solubility results are compared with values calculated by means of the NRTL equation (
n-alkanes) and the NRTL and UNIQUAC ASM equations utilizing parameters derived from SLE and LLE results. The existence of a solid–solid first-order phase transition in tridecane, eicosane and 1-alkanols has been taken into consideration in the calculations. The correlation of the solubility data has been obtained with the average root-mean-square deviation of temperature σ
<
1.0
K with both equations. The pressure–temperature–composition relation of the high-pressure (solid
+
liquid) phase equilibria, was satisfactorily presented by the polynomial.
Solid+liquid equilibria (SLE) of
n-alkanes (tridecane, hexadecane, octadecane, or eicosane) + cyclohexane at very high pressures up to about 1.0
GPa have been investigated in the temperature range ...from 293 to 363
K using a thermostated apparatus for the measurements of transition pressures from the liquid to the solid state in two component isothermal solutions. The freezing temperature of each mixture increases monotonously with increasing pressure. The eutectic point of the binary systems shifts to a higher temperature and to a higher
n-alkane concentration with increasing pressure. The pressure–temperature–composition relation of the high-pressure solid–liquid equilibria, a polynomial based on the general solubility equation at atmospheric pressure, was satisfactorily used. Additionally, the SLE of the binary system (tridecane+cyclohexane) at normal pressure was measured by the dynamic method. The results at high pressure for all systems were compared to that at normal pressure.
The temperature dependence of the phase memory time
T
M in γ-irradiated lithium hydrazinium sulphate, LiN
2H
5SO
4, single crystal has been measured in the temperature range 4.2–290 K. Two minima in
...T
M(
T) at 115 and 175 K were observed. The low-temperature
T
M minimum has been identified as due to librational motions of the N
2H
5
+ hydrazinium ion with an activation energy of 0.045 eV. The
T
M minimum at 175 K has been assigned to rotation of the –NH
3
+ end of the hydrazinium ion with an activation energy of 0.074 eV. The activation energies have been compared with the results of a previous NMR and Raman spectroscopic studies of this crystal.
(Solid
+
liquid) phase equilibria (SLE) of (
n-hexadecane, or
n-octadecane
+
3-methylpentane, or 2,2-dimethylbutane, or benzene) at very high pressures up to about 1.0 GPa have been investigated at ...the temperature range from
T
=
(293 to 353) K. The thermostated apparatus for the measurements of transition pressures from the liquid to the solid state in two component isothermal solutions was used. The pressure–temperature–composition relation of the high pressure (solid
+
liquid) phase equilibria, polynomial based on the general solubility equation at atmospheric pressure was satisfactorily used. Additionally, the SLE of binary systems (
n-hexadecane, or
n-octadecane
+
3-methylpentane, or 2,2-dimethylbutane, or benzene, or
n-hexane or cyclohexane) at normal pressure was discussed. The results at high pressures were compared for every system to these at normal pressure. The influence of the size and shape effects on the solubility at 0.1 MPa and high pressure up to 600 MPa was discussed.
The main aim of this work was to predict the mixture behaviour using only pure components data and cubic equation of state in the wide range of pressures, far above the pressure range which cubic equations of state are normally applied to. The fluid phase behaviour is described by the corrected SRK-EOS and the van der Waals one fluid mixing rules.
(Solid
+
liquid) equilibria (SLE) of {
n-alkanes (
n-tridecane,
n-hexadecane,
n-octadecane)
+
n-hexane} at very high pressures up to about 1.0
GPa have been investigated in the temperature range from ...293 to 363
K using a thermostated apparatus for the measurements of transition pressures from the liquid to the solid state in two component isothermal solutions.
The polynomial based on the general solubility equation at atmospheric pressure was satisfactorily used to the description of the pressure-temperature-composition relation of the high pressure (solid
+
liquid) equilibria. Additionally, the SLE of the binary system (
n-tridecane
+
n-hexane) at normal pressure was measured by the dynamic method. The results at higher pressures for every system were compared to those at normal pressure.
The main aim of this work was to predict the SLE of the mixtures using only pure components data in a wide pressure range, far above the pressure range in which cubic equations of state are normally applied. The fluid phase is described by the corrected SRK-EOS using van der Waals one fluid mixing rules. The results of the predictions are compared with the experimental data presented in this paper {
n-alkanes (
n-tridecane,
n-hexadecane,
n-octadecane)
+
n-hexane} and with experimental results presented previously {
n-alkanes (
n-tridecane,
n-hexadecane,
n-octadecane and
n-eicosane)
+
cyclohexane}.
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