Although literature on open eco-innovation has recently increased, empirical research on this topic in traditional low-tech sectors is still relatively scarce. The present paper examines how open ...innovation activities can promote eco-innovations in the food industry, an industry that is sometimes considered a technological laggard with traditionally low cooperation. The paper focuses on the relationship between a firm's interactions with stakeholders, particularly the breadth and the depth of the firm's knowledge network and the firm's propensity to develop different types of eco-innovations. Using a novel and more accurate measure of breadth and depth and addressing endogeneity with instrumental variables, the paper studies their influence on technological eco-innovation in a random sample of 279 food firms in Spain. The results show that coordination difficulties and bounded rationality explain an inverted U shape in the relationship of breadth of external knowledge sources and the propensity to eco-innovate both in product and process eco-innovations. Additionally, our findings confirm that it is important to rely on deep, frequent and intense relationships with stakeholders in order to create the required atmosphere to foster fluent knowledge sharing among partners specially to develop eco-process innovations, but a learning effect appears. Future research should extend the analysis to other countries and sectors to address the limitations of this study.
•External search breadth is positively related to eco-innovation propensity.•Coordination with partners diminishes eco-innovation propensity.•Deep relationships improve knowledge flow among partners.•Deep, frequent and intense relationships foster eco-process innovations.
This article opens with an analysis of the scope of the protectable legal right to be forgotten, since this must be understood not only in relation to the right to erasure. The right to be forgotten ...is much more complex, as it needs to cover a wide range of situations. The article proceeds by outlining the main jurisprudential milestones that prefigured the right to be forgotten in the predigital age, considering the Costeja case as a major tipping point. The article goes on to focus on the ambit of the European Union (EU), initially by studying the meaning and impact of the new general data protection regulations that have been in force since May 2018. Subsequently, it analyzes how some EU member states have incorporated this new juridical instrument. Spain, which has updated its legislation in this area in order to fully comply with EU requirements, is a particular focus.
The right to be forgotten has become a matter of capital importance due to the absence of spatial and temporal borders on the Internet. In order to understand everything related to this emerging ...right, it is necessary to analyze its real origin before the digital era. The primary purpose of carrying out this background is to have more in-depth and exhaustive knowledge of its origins that date back to the late 19th century, most notably in the United States and France. Then, it analyzes the different forms of protection of this emerging right in the US and Europe to consider the different realities that are being created in both continents. The aim is to balance the right to information with the right to be forgotten in an era where digital memory does not forget or forgive.
El derecho al olvido digital se ha convertido en cuestión de capital importancia, debido a la ausencia de fronteras espacio-temporales de Internet. Para entender todo lo relativo al mismo, es necesario analizar cuál es su verdadero origen, previo a la sociedad digital. Por ello, en primer lugar se estudian sus orígenes que datan de finales del siglo XIX, y que se ubican principalmente en Estados Unidos y Francia. Posteriormente, se analizan las diferentes formas de protección de este derecho emergente en Estados Unidos y Europa, para poder comparar las diferentes realidades que se están dando en ambos Continentes.
Although there is already a great amount of scientific literature dealing with the use of building information modeling (BIM) in engineering activities, the majority refer to successful case studies ...using the usual methods and technology of building construction but rarely bring up the real problems for implementing BIM methodology to the field of transportation infrastructure. It must be also considered that the construction activity is only a part of the infrastructure life and the stakeholder must consider the works of enlargement, renewal, and maintenance of the infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is not only to show a mere review of the existing literature but also present a rational analysis for the use of BIM in different areas of civil engineering. For that purpose, the gathered experience in the use of BIM in civil engineering projects in the final course of Civil Engineering Master Studies in the Civil Engineering School (ETSICCP) at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid were compared with the reported literature. This way, a complete and updated information regarding tendencies, applications, and practice along with limitations and benefits can be presented. The significance of this research relies on the original insight of BIM for civil engineering applications through four case studies. Two of them were focused on construction possibilities and the other two on the possibilities in the exploitation, rehabilitation, and maintenance. The results showed that despite the lack of previous experiences, the use of BIM methodology is possible for activities such as maintenance, managing, or expansion of infrastructure by applying different specific software packages. Among the main problems needing to be addressed are the following: handling of big data files, the integration of new data non-related with the modeled object, and interchange of data without losing information. That proves the need of new more efficient techniques to overcome the challenge of the full use of BIM in the civil engineering field and obtain the mutual advantage of the co-operation of the academic and industrial worlds.
Eco-innovation: insights from a literature review Díaz-García, Cristina; González-Moreno, Ángela; Sáez-Martínez, Francisco J.
Innovation (North Sydney),
01/2015, Letnik:
17, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Eco-innovation is still a young area of research; however it has been an area of increasing concern for policy makers, academics and practitioners. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of ...the existing body of literature on eco-innovations, and identify the most relevant publications in the field and the topics of interest. We have carried out a review of previous literature based on a Scopus search and selecting the discipline "Social Sciences and Humanities". The search offers us 384 articles. From their analysis, it can be observed that there is a clear increase in the relevance of this issue within academia and several thematic trends arise in eco-innovation research, with drivers of eco-innovation being the most popular. Our main theoretical contribution is the development of a multilevel framework of eco-innovation drivers, with our literature review having a specific focus on systematizing the findings of the studies within this theme.
Although eco-innovation in the agri-food sector is receiving increasing amounts of attention, there is a lack of information about the specific conditions that encourage firms to develop ...eco-innovation strategies internally. Our empirical method relies on the data of Spanish firms operating in the agri-food sector, and uses the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Specifically, we identify the recipes of antecedent conditions that effectively foster the internal development of technological eco-innovation, and then we analyze whether differences exist in the internal development of product and process eco-innovations. The results show that different combinations of conditions can yield internally developed eco-innovation, but all of them indicate that cooperation with stakeholders is the key to fostering technological eco-innovation in this industry. This conclusion encourages the creation of policies and incentives to promote cooperation in order to improve the sustainability of the sector.
In recent decades, the expansion of economic activity has been accompanied by negative environmental impacts. In response, there have been dramatic changes worldwide in terms of an increased demand ...for environmentally friendly products and services. To achieve these eco-innovations, firms have sought to acquire knowledge and implement operational flexibility by cooperating with different agents such as universities through a value cocreation system that is also expected to enhance firms' performance. Using a sample of 250 companies, the present paper examines the role of cooperation with universities in the development of diverse environmental innovations and building operational flexibility and, through this, improving firm performance. Results show that firms that value cooperation with universities develop a wider range of environmental innovations and increase their sales and benefits.
Elderly patients with multiple chronic conditions are closely linked to polymedication, a condition that is also highly associated with the presence of adverse effects, such as those observed by ...anticholinergic activity. Anticholinergic burden is defined in a very variable way and is described inconsistently using different scores and providing different interpretations of the risk of suffering from anticholinergic adverse effects.
The objective is to analyse the anticholinergic risk exposure in elderly complex chronic patients.
A observational multicentre study was performed for a cohort of complex chronic patients over 65 years who received treatment with at least one drug with anticholinergic activity. Anticholinergic exposure was assessed using ten scales included in the Anticholinergic Burden Calculator.
473 patients were recruited, being 67.7% with excessive polypharmacy. 80 was the total number of anticholinergic drugs with any scale, with a median of 2 drugs with anticholinergic activity per patient (IQR=2). Three scales evaluated more than 70% of the patients (Chew: 79.1%; Drug Burden Index (DBI): 77.8%; Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB): 75.9%). The percentage of different drugs with anticholinergic properties evaluated ranged from 13.8% (Anticholinergic Burden Classification (ABC)) to 57.5% (DBI) and anticholinergic drugs prescriptions oscillated from 14% (Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS)) to 53.3% (DBI). 71.1% of patients were at risk (moderate and high risk) according to DBI vs. 9.7% by ARS at the opposite side. Important differences of anticholinergic risk in patients with excessive polypharmacy were in ACB, ABC and DBI scales.
This study has highlighted clear differences between the scales used. DBI seems to be the scale that identifies a higher number of elderly chronic complex patients at risk of developing anticholinergic adverse effects.
Small synthetic molecules mimicking the three-dimensional structure of α-helices may find applications as inhibitors of therapeutically relevant protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions. ...However, the design and use of multi-facial helix mimetics remains in its infancy. Here we describe the synthesis and application of novel bilaterally substituted p-terphenyl compounds containing positively-charged aminoalkyl groups in relative 1,4 positions across the aromatic scaffold. These compounds were specifically designed to mimic all faces of the arginine-rich α-helix of the HIV-1 protein Rev, which forms deeply embedded RNA complexes and plays key roles in the virus replication cycle. Two of these molecules recognized the Rev site in the viral RNA and inhibited the formation of the RRE-Rev ribonucleoprotein complex, a currently unexploited target in HIV chemotherapy. Cellular assays revealed that the most active compounds blocked HIV-1 replication with little toxicity, and likely exerted this effect through a multi-target mechanism involving inhibition of viral LTR promoter-dependent transcription and Rev function. Further development of this scaffold may open new avenues for targeting nucleic acids and may complement current HIV therapies, none of which involve inhibitors interfering with the gene regulation processes of the virus.
The success of companies and the recognition by the community in which they are inserted depends on the confidence that the company generates in this community and the approach to local development ...formulated by the community. In this sense, the impacts of CSR and the recognition of the company as an important agent within the community forge the reputation of the company in terms of its management and interrelations with the community. To analyze the factors that influence the recognition and legitimacy of companies by communities, this paper analyzes the communities’ perception of territorial development and the impacts of CSR activities agreed in the social licenses in the context of Law 21/1991 on Prior Consultation in the Colombian Caribbean. Communities value investment in training and education from primary school to professional training, as well as income-generating practices. They also value respect for their culture, race, customs, and environmental wealth. CSR actions in healthcare do not provide greater legitimacy to the company. The same is the case with actions aimed to improve the relationship between suppliers and companies, as well as to strengthen the leadership of the community.
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