The vascular endothelium has several important functions, including hemostasis. The homeostasis of hemostasis is based on a fine balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant proteins and between ...fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic ones. Coagulopathies are characterized by a mutation-induced alteration of the function of certain coagulation factors or by a disturbed balance between the mechanisms responsible for regulating coagulation. Homeostatic therapies consist in replacement and nonreplacement treatments or in the administration of antifibrinolytic agents. Rebalancing products reestablish hemostasis by inhibiting natural anticoagulant pathways. These agents include monoclonal antibodies, such as concizumab and marstacimab, which target the tissue factor pathway inhibitor; interfering RNA therapies, such as fitusiran, which targets antithrombin III; and protease inhibitors, such as serpinPC, which targets active protein C. In cases of thrombophilia (deficiency of protein C, protein S, or factor V Leiden), treatment may consist in direct oral anticoagulants, replacement therapy (plasma or recombinant ADAMTS13) in cases of a congenital deficiency of ADAMTS13, or immunomodulators (prednisone) if the thrombophilia is autoimmune. Monoclonal-antibody-based anti-vWF immunotherapy (caplacizumab) is used in the context of severe thrombophilia, regardless of the cause of the disorder. In cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation, the treatment of choice consists in administration of antifibrinolytics, all-trans-retinoic acid, and recombinant soluble human thrombomodulin.
La estrecha relación entre la microbiota y las enfermedades alérgicas es conocida desde hace varios años, particularmente la alergia alimentaria. Aunque la microbiota mejor estudiada es la ...relacionada con las bacterias, también son constitutivas de esta los virus, parásitos y hongos, aun con un rol no definitivamente esclarecido. El mundo microbiano interactúa con el cuerpo humano constantemente, estamos en contacto diario con una cantidad infinita e innumerable de variedades de microbios en nuestro entorno, algunos de ellos pueden pasar a través del cuerpo sin causar ningún daño, mientras que otros generan riesgo indeseable para la salud. La alteración de la composición original de la microbiota (disbiosis) se asocia con alergia alimentaria. Esta disbiosis se relaciona con los cambios de hábito, vía de finalización del embarazo (parto o cesárea), sustitución de la lactancia o interrupción en edades tempranas; disminución del tamaño de las familias; pérdida de contacto con animales de granja o mascotas; prescripción inadecuada o abuso de antibióticos. La transición de una dieta basada exclusivamente en leche a otra con alimentos sólidos se asocia con aumento drástico en la diversidad microbiana. Los componentes inmunomoduladores de la microbiota (polisacáridos de la superficie celular), los factores dietéticos (vitamina A) y la producción de metabolitos secundarios (ácidos grasos de cadena corta y metabolitos secundarios de ácidos biliares) promueven la diferenciación de la población de células RORγt + Treg. La ILC3 produce IL-2, que desempeña un papel decisivo en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis intestinal.
ABSTRACT
The number of alien plants escaping from cultivation into native ecosystems is increasing steadily. We provide an overview of the historical, contemporary and potential future roles of ...ornamental horticulture in plant invasions. We show that currently at least 75% and 93% of the global naturalised alien flora is grown in domestic and botanical gardens, respectively. Species grown in gardens also have a larger naturalised range than those that are not. After the Middle Ages, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, a global trade network in plants emerged. Since then, cultivated alien species also started to appear in the wild more frequently than non‐cultivated aliens globally, particularly during the 19th century. Horticulture still plays a prominent role in current plant introduction, and the monetary value of live‐plant imports in different parts of the world is steadily increasing. Historically, botanical gardens – an important component of horticulture – played a major role in displaying, cultivating and distributing new plant discoveries. While the role of botanical gardens in the horticultural supply chain has declined, they are still a significant link, with one‐third of institutions involved in retail‐plant sales and horticultural research. However, botanical gardens have also become more dependent on commercial nurseries as plant sources, particularly in North America. Plants selected for ornamental purposes are not a random selection of the global flora, and some of the plant characteristics promoted through horticulture, such as fast growth, also promote invasion. Efforts to breed non‐invasive plant cultivars are still rare. Socio‐economical, technological, and environmental changes will lead to novel patterns of plant introductions and invasion opportunities for the species that are already cultivated. We describe the role that horticulture could play in mediating these changes. We identify current research challenges, and call for more research efforts on the past and current role of horticulture in plant invasions. This is required to develop science‐based regulatory frameworks to prevent further plant invasions.
Protected areas (PAs) are intended to provide native biodiversity and habitats with a refuge against the impacts of global change, particularly acting as natural filters against biological invasions. ...In practice, however, it is unknown how effective PAs will be in shielding native species from invasions under projected climate change. Here, we investigate the current and future potential distributions of 100 of the most invasive terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species in Europe. We use this information to evaluate the combined threat posed by climate change and invasions to existing PAs and the most susceptible species they shelter. We found that only a quarter of Europe's marine and terrestrial areas protected over the last 100 years have been colonized by any of the invaders investigated, despite offering climatically suitable conditions for invasion. In addition, hotspots of invasive species and the most susceptible native species to their establishment do not match at large continental scales. Furthermore, the predicted richness of invaders is 11%–18% significantly lower inside PAs than outside them. Invasive species are rare in long‐established national parks and nature reserves, which are actively protected and often located in remote and pristine regions with very low human density. In contrast, the richness of invasive species is high in the more recently designated Natura 2000 sites, which are subject to high human accessibility. This situation may change in the future, since our models anticipate important shifts in species ranges toward the north and east of Europe at unprecedented rates of 14–55 km/decade, depending on taxonomic group and scenario. This may seriously compromise the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study is the first comprehensive assessment of the resistance that PAs provide against biological invasions and climate change on a continental scale and illustrates their strategic value in safeguarding native biodiversity.
Protected areas are championed as refugia for native biodiversity and habitats, but we do not know how effective they are in shielding native taxa from biological invasions under projected climate change.
Here, we found that only a quarter of Europe's marine and terrestrial areas protected over the last 100 years have been colonized by 100 of the worst terrestrial, freshwater, and marine invaders, with long‐established areas showing the lowest richness of invaders (A).
This situation may change in the future, as models anticipate a shift in species distribution toward the north and east of Europe in response to climate change (B).
The Antarctic is considered to be a pristine environment relative to other regions of the Earth, but it is increasingly vulnerable to invasions by marine, freshwater and terrestrial non‐native ...species. The Antarctic Peninsula region (APR), which encompasses the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands, is by far the most invaded part of the Antarctica continent. The risk of introduction of invasive non‐native species to the APR is likely to increase with predicted increases in the intensity, diversity and distribution of human activities. Parties that are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty have called for regional assessments of non‐native species risk. In response, taxonomic and Antarctic experts undertook a horizon scanning exercise using expert opinion and consensus approaches to identify the species that are likely to present the highest risk to biodiversity and ecosystems within the APR over the next 10 years. One hundred and three species, currently absent in the APR, were identified as relevant for review, with 13 species identified as presenting a high risk of invading the APR. Marine invertebrates dominated the list of highest risk species, with flowering plants and terrestrial invertebrates also represented; however, vertebrate species were thought unlikely to establish in the APR within the 10 year timeframe. We recommend (a) the further development and application of biosecurity measures by all stakeholders active in the APR, including surveillance for species such as those identified during this horizon scanning exercise, and (b) use of this methodology across the other regions of Antarctica. Without the application of appropriate biosecurity measures, rates of introductions and invasions within the APR are likely to increase, resulting in negative consequences for the biodiversity of the whole continent, as introduced species establish and spread further due to climate change and increasing human activity.
The Antarctic Peninsula region (APR) is increasingly vulnerable to biological introductions and invasions, caused by increases in the intensity, diversity and distribution of human activities. This study identified 103 species that are likely to present a risk to biodiversity and ecosystems within the APR over the next 10 years; marine invertebrates dominated the list of highest risk species, but vertebrate species were thought unlikely to establish within the 10 year timeframe. We recommend the further development and application of biosecurity measures in the APR, and further studies to identify potential biological invaders in other regions of Antarctica.
Fall armyworm,
Spodopterafrugiperda
, is a crop pest native to the Americas, which has invaded and spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa within two years. Recent estimates of 20–50% maize yield loss ...in Africa suggest severe impact on livelihoods. Fall armyworm is still infilling its potential range in Africa and could spread to other continents. In order to understand fall armyworm’s year-round, global, potential distribution, we used evidence of the effects of temperature and precipitation on fall armyworm life-history, combined with data on native and African distributions to construct Species Distribution Models (SDMs). We also investigated the strength of trade and transportation pathways that could carry fall armyworm beyond Africa. Up till now, fall armyworm has only invaded areas that have a climate similar to the native distribution, validating the use of climatic SDMs. The strongest climatic limits on fall armyworm’s year-round distribution are the coldest annual temperature and the amount of rain in the wet season. Much of sub-Saharan Africa can host year-round fall armyworm populations, but the likelihoods of colonising North Africa and seasonal migrations into Europe are hard to predict. South and Southeast Asia and Australia have climate conditions that would permit fall armyworm to invade. Current trade and transportation routes reveal Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand face high threat of fall armyworm invasions originating from Africa.
Commonly used in the literature to refer to the “attractiveness”, “appeal”, or “beauty” of a species, charisma can be defined as a set of characteristics – and the perception thereof – that affect ...people’s attitudes and behaviors toward a species. It is a highly relevant concept for invasion science, with implications across all stages of the invasion process. However, the concept of invasive alien species (IAS) charisma has not yet been systematically investigated. We discuss this concept in detail, provide a set of recommendations for further research, and highlight management implications. We review how charisma affects the processes associated with biological invasions and IAS management, including species introductions and spread, media portrayals, public perceptions of species management, research attention, and active public involvement in research and management. Explicit consideration of IAS charisma is critical for understanding the factors that shape people’s attitudes toward particular species, planning management measures and strategies, and implementing a combination of education programs, awareness raising, and public involvement campaigns.
Yellow rust in winter wheat is a widespread and serious fungal disease, resulting in significant yield losses globally. Effective monitoring and accurate detection of yellow rust are crucial to ...ensure stable and reliable wheat production and food security. The existing standard methods often rely on manual inspection of disease symptoms in a small crop area by agronomists or trained surveyors. This is costly, time consuming and prone to error due to the subjectivity of surveyors. Recent advances in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) mounted with hyperspectral image sensors have the potential to address these issues with low cost and high efficiency. This work proposed a new deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) based approach for automated crop disease detection using very high spatial resolution hyperspectral images captured with UAVs. The proposed model introduced multiple Inception-Resnet layers for feature extraction and was optimized to establish the most suitable depth and width of the network. Benefiting from the ability of convolution layers to handle three-dimensional data, the model used both spatial and spectral information for yellow rust detection. The model was calibrated with hyperspectral imagery collected by UAVs in five different dates across a whole crop cycle over a well-controlled field experiment with healthy and rust infected wheat plots. Its performance was compared across sampling dates and with random forest, a representative of traditional classification methods in which only spectral information was used. It was found that the method has high performance across all the growing cycle, particularly at late stages of the disease spread. The overall accuracy of the proposed model (0.85) was higher than that of the random forest classifier (0.77). These results showed that combining both spectral and spatial information is a suitable approach to improving the accuracy of crop disease detection with high resolution UAV hyperspectral images.
Functional redundancy (FR) is commonly invoked as one of the main mechanisms underlying ecological resilience. However, little is known about the extension of FR from single to multiple functions and ...its variation among ecological assemblages at biogeographic scales. We studied 51 assemblages of Eurasian small mammals (Mammalia: Rodentia and Mammalia: Soricomorpha), analyzing FR across and within assemblages. We quantified FR for trait sets related to five different functions: parasitic interactions, diet, habitat preferences, body mass and diel activity. We then evaluated the relationships between FR based on different functional trait sets across and within mammal assemblages, to determine whether small mammal assemblages and their species are redundant for single or multiple trait sets and thus, whether they are complementary or fully redundant when considering multiple functions. Further, we analyzed the influence of geography, climate, plant productivity and land use on FR. We found that FR based on mammal parasitic interactions, body mass and diel activity were positively correlated, whereas FR based on mammal body mass and habitat preferences were negatively related. These relationships were consistent across and within mammal assemblages. Additionally, FR mainly varied along geographic gradients (latitude and longitude). FR based on parasitic interactions, body mass and diel activity followed similar patterns, increasing at northern latitudes, possibly as a response to environmental filtering processes. FR for diet and habitat preferences increased at easterly longitudes, which may be due to landscape homogeneity in sites across central and eastern Asia. Despite redundancy across multiple functional trait sets, Eurasian small mammal assemblages were complementary when considering all five trait sets. Our results warn against conclusions drawn from the study of FR based on traits related to a single function.
Objectives
To evaluate alveolar ridge dimensional changes of different alveolar ridge preservation techniques after 3 months of tooth extraction and to compare the efficacy of autologous plasma rich ...in growth factor (PRGF) to the bone substitutes in alveolar ridge preservation and sites left to heal spontaneously.
Materials and Methods
Forty patients requiring tooth extraction in the anterior maxilla were randomly allocated to the four following treatment modalities: spontaneous healing (control), natural bovine bone mineral covered with resorbable native collagen membrane (BBM/CM), freeze‐dried bone allograft covered with resorbable native collagen membrane (FDBA/CM) and PRGF alone. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were taken after surgery and 3 months later. The measurements of height and width (at 1, 3, and 5 mm below the crest) were performed after superimposing the 2 consecutive CBCT scans.
Results
The greatest horizontal alveolar bone resorption at 1 mm below bone crest was observed in the control group (−1.61 ± 1.76 mm, P = .037), whereas the least reduction in width was found in the BBM/CM group (−0.68 ± 0.67 mm, P = .037). The most pronounced alveolar height reduction was observed in the control group (−0.86 ± 0.43 mm), whereas alveolar ridge preservation with BBMC/CM (−0.26 ± 0.91 mm) and PRGF (−0.54 ± 0.86 mm) successfully reduced the alveolar height reduction as compared to the control group.
Conclusions
Alveolar ridge preservation technique in the esthetic zone using BBM/CM or using PRGF is beneficial to reduce horizontal and vertical bone changes.
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