The findings of an ampelographic analysis of vines belonging to a Germoplasm Bank were compared to the results of native electrophoresis of the total proteins in their musts. Cluster analysis of the ...data from the morphological description produced correct groupings, in terms of variety, for all samples. When cluster analysis was performed on the electrophoretic data, 10 of the 11 musts studied were grouped correctly. Electrophoresis was also performed on 30 musts made from a mixture of grapes from large vineyards. In the cluster analysis of the electrophoretic data on the proteins of the 41 musts studied, all the musts are grouped correctly in terms of variety. Electrophoretic analysis of proteins is a simple technique that can be used routinely, provides complementary information to morphological analysis for varietal characterization of vines, and in the majority of cases, makes it possible to ascertain the grape variety from which musts originate. Keywords: Native PAGE; grape must; varietal characterization; morphological analysis
The impact of using Trepat and Monastrell red grape varieties during the manufacture of rosé sparkling Cava wines on the nitrogen and volatile composition compared to a white Cava manufactured with a ...blend of typical white grape varieties (Xarello: Macabeo: Parellada) has been investigated. The wines were industrially manufactured in a cellar, and the concentrations of outstanding nitrogen compounds and 23 target volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes were determined in the base wines and in the corresponding Cava wines after 9, 12, 15 and 18 months of aging on lees. After the application of multivariate statistical analysis, the results showed the large effect of the variety employed in the manufacture of Cavas compared to the changes in wine composition due to the aging time. Depending on the composition, Trepat and White Cava wines were more similar than those manufactured with the variety Monastrell. However, the sensory study showed that the two rosé Cava wines had good sensory attributes and even slightly better foam characteristics than the white ones. The sensory study highlighted for the first time the adequacy of using Monastrell red grape variety to manufacture rosé sparkling wines.
is the leading cause of bacterial diarrheal disease worldwide. Although most episodes of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting, antibiotic treatment is usually needed in patients with serious ...enteritis, and especially in childrens or the elderly. In the last years, antibiotic resistance in
has become a major public health concern and a great interest exists in developing new antimicrobial strategies for reducing the impact of this food-borne pathogen on human health. Among them, the use of silver nanoparticles as antibacterial agents has taken on increased importance in the field of medicine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of glutathione-stabilized silver nanoparticles (GSH-Ag NPs) against multidrug resistant (MDR)
strains isolated from the chicken food chain (FC) and clinical patients (C). The results obtained showed that GSH-Ag NPs were highly effective against all MDR
strains tested. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were in a range from 4.92 to 39.4 μg/mL and 9.85 to 39.4 μg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays were also assessed using human intestinal HT-29, Caco-2, and CCD-18 epithelial cells. Exposure of GSH-Ag NPs to intestinal cells showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in all cell lines between 9.85 and 39.4 μg/mL. More than 60% of the tested
strains were susceptible to GSH-Ag NPs concentrations ≤ 9.85 μg/mL, suggesting that practical inhibitory levels could be reached at low GSH-Ag NPs concentrations. Further works are needed with the purpose to evaluate the practical implications of the toxicity studies and to know more about other attributes linked to the biological compatibility. This behavior makes GSH-Ag NPs as a promising tool for the design of novel antibacterial agents for controlling
.
A series of aminoketalic castanospermine analogues incorporating a stereoelectronically anchored axial hydroxy group at the pseudoanomeric stereocenter (C-5) have been synthesized to satisfy the need ...for glucosidase inhibitors that are highly selective for α-glucosidases. The polyhydroxylated bicyclic system was built from readily available hexofuranose derivatives through a synthetic scheme that involved (i) the construction of a five-membered cyclic (thio)carbamate or (thio)urea moiety at the nonreducing end and (ii) the intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the heterocyclic thiocarbamic nitrogen atom to the masked aldehyde group of the monosaccharide. A biological screening of the resulting reducing 2-oxa- and 2-azaindolizidines against several glycosidase enzymes is reported.
Together with yeast, lactic acid bacteria are the main microorganisms involved in winemaking. Lactic acid bacteria conduct malolactic fermentation, which is important in wines, since it changes the ...composition of wine, improving its organoleptic quality. In recent years, a great number of different molecular techniques for the identification and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria of oenological interest has been developed. In addition to species identification, using these techniques it is possible to know the genetic diversity of specific species and the evolution of bacteria population during winemaking. Moreover, an additional advantage is that they allow the study of wine microbiota without preliminary isolation and culture steps. In this paper, the main molecular techniques described in the literature for the detection, identification, typification and quantification of bacteria species and strains are reviewed.
Two peptide fractions with molecular weight higher and lower than 700 Da were obtained from a sparkling wine aged with yeast over 15 months. The amino acid composition of each fraction and their ...hydrophobicity were determined. Asp and/or Asn, Glu and/or Gln, Ser, Thr, and α-Ala were found to be the major amino acids that form both fractions. The peptide fraction <700 Da showed an hydrophobicity value higher than the fraction >700 Da. Four main peptides from the fraction >700 Da and six peptides from the fraction <700 Da were isolated by reversed-phase HPLC. The isolated peptides from the fraction >700 Da were found to contain between 13 and 25 amino acid residues, whereas the ones from the fraction <700 Da corresponded to peptides with a number of residues between 6 and 10. Hydrophobicities of the isolated peptides ranged from 0 to 1128.9 cal/amino acid residue. Keywords: Peptides; wine; amino acids; hydrophobicity
For the first time, the concentrations of 19 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were measured in airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from subway stations in Barcelona (Spain) to investigate their ...occurrence, contamination profiles and associated health risks. OPEs were detected in all PM2.5 samples with levels ranging between 1.59 and 202 ng/m3 (mean value of 39.9 ng/m3). Seventeen out of 19 tested analytes were detected, with TDClPP, TClPP and TCEP being those presenting the highest concentrations. OPE concentrations are not driven by the same factors that determine the ambient PM2.5 concentrations of other constituents in the subway. Newer stations presented higher OPE levels, probably due to the materials used in the design of the platforms, with greater use of modern plastic materials versus older stations with tiles and stones. Estimated daily intakes via airborne particles inhalation during the time expended in subway stations were calculated, as well as the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks (CR and non-CR), all being much lower than the threshold risk values. Thus, subway inhalation exposure when standing on the platform to OPE's per se is not considered to be dangerous for commuters.
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•OPEs were detected for the first time in airborne particles from subway stations.•TDClPP presented the highest values, contributing up to 49% of total OPE levels.•Materials used for the design of the platforms seem to be related to OPE levels.•Human exposure to OPEs via inhalation in subway stations was calculated.•Non-CR and CR risks were much lower than the threshold risk values.
Abstract
Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major nonacquired immune deficiency syndrome-defining condition for persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). We aimed to ...validate noninvasive tests for the diagnosis of NAFLD in PWH.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional study of PWH on stable antiretroviral therapy with persistently elevated transaminases and no known liver disease. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated to compare the diagnostic accuracy of liver biopsy with abdominal ultrasound, transient elastography (TE) (including controlled attenuation parameter CAP), and noninvasive markers of steatosis (triglyceride and glucose index TyG, hepatic steatosis index HSI, fatty liver index FLI) and fibrosis (FIB-4, aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index APRI, NAFLD fibrosis score). We developed a diagnostic algorithm with serial combinations of markers.
Results
Of 146 patients with increased transaminase levels, 69 underwent liver biopsy (90% steatosis, 61% steatohepatitis, and 4% F ≥3). The AUROC for steatosis was as follows: ultrasound, 0.90 (0.75–1); CAP, 0.94 (0.88–1); FLI, 0.81 (0.58–1); HSI, 0.74 (0.62–0.87); and TyG, 0.75 (0.49–1). For liver fibrosis ≥F3, the AUROC for TE, APRI, FIB-4, and NAFLD fibrosis score was 0.92 (0.82–1), 0.96 (0.90–1), 0.97 (0.93–1), and 0.85 (0.68–1). Optimal diagnostic performance for liver steatosis was for 2 noninvasive combined models of tests with TyG and FLI/HSI as the first tests and ultrasound or CAP as the second tests: AUROC = 0.99 (0.97–1, P < .001) and 0.92 (0.77–1, P < .001).
Conclusions
Ultrasound and CAP performed best in diagnosing liver steatosis, and FLI, TyG, and HSI performed well. We propose an easy-to-implement algorithm with TyG or FLI as the first test and ultrasound or CAP as the second test to accurately diagnose or exclude NAFLD.
An easy-to-implement algorithm diminishes diagnostic uncertainty and the likelihood of diagnostic errors, thus eventually reducing the need for liver biopsy. Ultrasound and controlled attenuation parameter perform very well in diagnosing liver steatosis in persons with HIV.
Background. The pilot phase IIb VIKING study suggested that dolutegravir (DTG), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitor (INI), would be efficacious in INI-resistant patients at the ...50 mg twice daily (BID) dose. Methods. VIKING-3 is a single-arm, open-label phase III study in which therapy-experienced adults with INI-resistant virus received DTG 50 mg BID while continuing their failing regimen (without raltegravir or elvitegravir) through day 7, after which the regimen was optimized with ≥1 fully active drug and DTG continued. The primary efficacy endpoints were the mean change from baseline in plasma HIV-1 RNA at day 8 and the proportion of subjects with HIV-1 RNA <50 c/mL at week 24. Results. Mean change in HIV-1 RNA at day 8 was -1.43 log₁₀ c/mL, and 69% of subjects achieved <50 c/mL at week 24. Multivariate analyses demonstrated a strong association between baseline DTG susceptibility and response. Response was most reduced in subjects with Q148 + ≥2 resistance-associated mutations. DTG 50 mg BID had a low (3%) discontinuation rate due to adverse events, similar to INI-naive subjects receiving DTG 50 mg once daily. Conclusions. DTG 50 mg BID-based therapy was effective in this highly treatment-experienced population with INI-resistant virus. Clinical Trials Registration. www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01328041) and http://www.gsk-clinicalstudywww.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com (112574).
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