Successful integration of nutrition interventions into large-scale development programmes from nutrition-relevant sectors, such as agriculture, can address critical underlying determinants of ...undernutrition and enhance the coverage and effectiveness of on-going nutrition-specific activities. However, evidence on how this can be done is limited. This study examines the feasibility of delivering maternal, infant, and young child nutrition behaviour change communication through an innovative agricultural extension programme serving nutritionally vulnerable groups in rural India. The existing agriculture programme involves participatory production of low-cost videos promoting best practices and broad dissemination through village-level women's self-help groups. For the nutrition intervention, 10 videos promoting specific maternal, infant, and young child nutrition practices were produced and disseminated in 30 villages. A range of methods was used to collect data, including in-depth interviews with project staff, frontline health workers, and self-help group members and their families; structured observations of mediated video dissemination sessions; nutrition knowledge tests with project staff and self-help group members; and a social network questionnaire to assess diffusion of promoted nutrition messages. We found the nutrition intervention to be well-received by rural communities and viewed as complementary to existing frontline health services. However, compared to agriculture, nutrition content required more time, creativity, and technical support to develop and deliver. Experimentation with promoted nutrition behaviours was high, but sharing of information from the videos with non-viewers was limited. Key lessons learned include the benefits of and need for collaboration with existing health services; continued technical support for implementing partners; engagement with local cultural norms and beliefs; empowerment of women's group members to champion nutrition; and enhancement of message diffusion mechanisms to reach pregnant women and mothers of young children at scale. Understanding the experience of developing and delivering this intervention will benefit the design of new nutrition interventions which seek to leverage agriculture platforms.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Poor diet and insufficient physical activity are major risk factors for non‐communicable diseases. Developing healthy diet and physical activity behaviors early in life is important as ...these behaviors track between childhood and adulthood. Parents and other adult caregivers have important influences on children's health behaviors, but whether their involvement in children's nutrition and physical activity interventions contributes to intervention effectiveness is not known.
Objectives
• To assess effects of caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors, including those intended to prevent overweight and obesity
• To describe intervention content and behavior change techniques employed, drawing from a behavior change technique taxonomy developed and advanced by Abraham, Michie, and colleagues (Abraham 2008; Michie 2011; Michie 2013; Michie 2015)
• To identify content and techniques related to reported outcomes when such information was reported in included studies
Search methods
In January 2019, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 11 other databases, and three trials registers. We also searched the references lists of relevant reports and systematic reviews.
Selection criteria
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi‐RCTs evaluating the effects of interventions to improve children's dietary intake or physical activity behavior, or both, with children aged 2 to 18 years as active participants and at least one component involving caregivers versus the same interventions but without the caregiver component(s). We excluded interventions meant as treatment or targeting children with pre‐existing conditions, as well as caregiver‐child units residing in orphanages and school hostel environments.
Data collection and analysis
We used standard methodological procedures outlined by Cochrane.
Main results
We included 23 trials with approximately 12,192 children in eligible intervention arms. With the exception of two studies, all were conducted in high‐income countries, with more than half performed in North America. Most studies were school‐based and involved the addition of healthy eating or physical education classes, or both, sometimes in tandem with other changes to the school environment. The specific intervention strategies used were not always reported completely. However, based on available reports, the behavior change techniques used most commonly in the child‐only arm were "shaping knowledge," "comparison of behavior," "feedback and monitoring," and "repetition and substitution." In the child + caregiver arm, the strategies used most commonly included additional "shaping knowledge" or "feedback and monitoring" techniques, as well as "social support" and "natural consequences."
We considered all trials to be at high risk of bias for at least one design factor. Seven trials did not contribute any data to analyses. The quality of reporting of intervention content varied between studies, and there was limited scope for meta‐analysis. Both validated and non‐validated instruments were used to measure outcomes of interest. Outcomes measured and reported differed between studies, with 16 studies contributing data to the meta‐analyses. About three‐quarters of studies reported their funding sources; no studies reported industry funding. We assessed the quality of evidence to be low or very low.
Dietary behavior change interventions with a caregiver component versus interventions without a caregiver component
Seven studies compared dietary behavior change interventions with and without a caregiver component. At the end of the intervention, we did not detect a difference between intervention arms in children's percentage of total energy intake from saturated fat (mean difference MD −0.42%, 95% confidence interval CI −1.25 to 0.41, 1 study, n = 207; low‐quality evidence) or from sodium intake (MD −0.12 g/d, 95% CI −0.36 to 0.12, 1 study, n = 207; low‐quality evidence). No trial in this comparison reported data for children's combined fruit and vegetable intake, sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, or physical activity levels, nor for adverse effects of interventions.
Physical activity interventions with a caregiver component versus interventions without a caregiver component
Six studies compared physical activity interventions with and without a caregiver component. At the end of the intervention, we did not detect a difference between intervention arms in children's total physical activity (MD 0.20 min/h, 95% CI −1.19 to 1.59, 1 study, n = 54; low‐quality evidence) or moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (standard mean difference SMD 0.04, 95% CI −0.41 to 0.49, 2 studies, n = 80; moderate‐quality evidence). No trial in this comparison reported data for percentage of children's total energy intake from saturated fat, sodium intake, fruit and vegetable intake, or SSB intake, nor for adverse effects of interventions.
Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component versus interventions without a caregiver component
Ten studies compared dietary and physical activity interventions with and without a caregiver component. At the end of the intervention, we detected a small positive impact of a caregiver component on children's SSB intake (SMD −0.28, 95% CI −0.44 to −0.12, 3 studies, n = 651; moderate‐quality evidence). We did not detect a difference between intervention arms in children's percentage of total energy intake from saturated fat (MD 0.06%, 95% CI −0.67 to 0.80, 2 studies, n = 216; very low‐quality evidence), sodium intake (MD 35.94 mg/d, 95% CI −322.60 to 394.47, 2 studies, n = 315; very low‐quality evidence), fruit and vegetable intake (MD 0.38 servings/d, 95% CI −0.51 to 1.27, 1 study, n = 134; very low‐quality evidence), total physical activity (MD 1.81 min/d, 95% CI −15.18 to 18.80, 2 studies, n = 573; low‐quality evidence), or MVPA (MD −0.05 min/d, 95% CI −18.57 to 18.47, 1 study, n = 622; very low‐quality evidence). One trial indicated that no adverse events were reported by study participants but did not provide data.
Authors' conclusions
Current evidence is insufficient to support the inclusion of caregiver involvement in interventions to improve children's dietary intake or physical activity behavior, or both. For most outcomes, the quality of the evidence is adversely impacted by the small number of studies with available data, limited effective sample sizes, risk of bias, and imprecision. To establish the value of caregiver involvement, additional studies measuring clinically important outcomes using valid and reliable measures, employing appropriate design and power, and following established reporting guidelines are needed, as is evidence on how such interventions might contribute to health equity.
Hybrid halide perovskites consisting of corner-sharing metal halide octahedra and small cuboctahedral cages filled with counter cations have proven to be prominent candidates for many ...high-performance optoelectronic devices. The stability limits of their three-dimensional perovskite framework are defined by the size range of the cations present in the cages of the structure. In some cases, the stability of the perovskite-type structure can be extended even when the counterions violate the size and shape requirements, as is the case in the so-called “hollow” perovskites. In this work, we engineered a new family of 3D highly defective yet crystalline “hollow” bromide perovskites with general formula (FA)1–x (en) x (Pb)1–0.7x (Br)3–0.4x (FA = formamidinium (FA+), en = ethylenediammonium (en 2+), x = 0–0.44). Pair distribution function analysis shed light on the local structural coherence, revealing a wide distribution of Pb–Pb distances in the crystal structure as a consequence of the Pb/Br-deficient nature and en inclusion in the lattice. By manipulating the number of Pb/Br vacancies, we finely tune the optical properties of the pristine FAPbBr3 by blue shifting the band gap from 2.20 to 2.60 eV for the x = 0.42 en sample. A most unexpected outcome was that at x> 0.33 en incorporation, the material exhibits strong broad light emission (1% photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY)) that is maintained after exposure to air for more than a year. This is the first example of strong broad light emission from a 3D hybrid halide perovskite, demonstrating that meticulous defect engineering is an excellent tool for customizing the optical properties of these semiconductors.
Copper(I) iodide hybrids are of interest for next-generation lighting technologies because of their efficient luminescence in the absence of rare-earth elements. Here, we report 10 structurally ...diverse hybrid copper(I) iodides that emit in the green–red region with quantum yields reaching 67%. The compounds display a diversity of structures including ones with one-dimensional (1D) Cu–1 chains, Cu2I2 rhomboid dimers, and structures with two different arrangements of Cu4I4 tetramers. The compounds with Cu2I2 rhomboid dimers or Cu4I4 cubane tetramers have higher photoluminescence quantum yields than those with Cu–I 1D chains and octahedral Cu4I4 tetramers, owing to the optimal degree of condensation of the inorganic motifs, which suppresses nonradiative processes. Electronic structure calculations on these compounds point out the critical influence of the inorganic motif and organic ligand on the nature of the band gaps and thus the excitation characteristics. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra are presented to better understand the nature of luminescence in compounds with different inorganic motifs. The emerging understanding of composition–structure–property correlations in this family provides inspiration for the rational design of hybrid phosphors for general lighting applications.
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:
To assess the effects of caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and ...physical activity behavior, including those intended to prevent overweight and obesity. We will also describe the intervention content and the behavior change techniques employed, drawing from behavior change technique taxonomy developed and advanced by Abraham, Michie, and colleagues (
Abraham 2008
;
Michie 2011
;
Michie 2013
;
Michie 2015
). We will identify content and techniques related to the reported outcomes, where such information has been reported in included studies.
Bismuth-based perovskites are of interest as safer alternatives to lead-based optoelectronic materials. Prior studies have reported on the compounds Cs3Bi2Cl9, Cs3Bi2I9, and Cs3Bi2Cl3I6. Here we ...examine a range of compounds of the formula Cs3Bi2(Cl1–x I x )9, where x takes values from 0.09 to 0.52. Powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction were used to determine that all of these compounds adopt the layered vacancy-ordered perovskite structure observed for Cs3Bi2Cl3I6, which is also the high-temperature phase of Cs3Bi2Cl9. We find that, even with very small iodine incorporation, the structure is switched to that of Cs3Bi2Cl3I6, with I atoms displaying a distinct preference for the capping sites on the BiX6 octahedra. Optical absorption spectroscopy was employed to study the evolution of optical properties of these materials, and this is complemented by density functional theory electronic structure calculations. Three main absorption features were observed for these compounds, and with increasing x, the lowest-energy features are red-shifted.
Age-Friendly Health Systems is an initiative of The John A. Hartford Foundation and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, in partnership with the American Hospital Association and the Catholic ...Health Association of the United States that uses a framework to ensure high-quality, person-centered care for older adults. The framework, called the 4 Ms, includes what matters, mobility, medications, and mentation. This work outlines a practical, evidence- based approach to implementing 4 Ms care in long-term care (LTC).
The online processing of both music and language involves making predictions about upcoming material, but the relationship between prediction in these two domains is not well understood. ...Electrophysiological methods for studying individual differences in prediction in language processing have opened the door to new questions. Specifically, we ask whether individuals with musical training predict upcoming linguistic material more strongly and/or more accurately than non‐musicians. We propose two reasons why prediction in these two domains might be linked: (a) Musicians may have greater verbal short‐term/working memory; (b) music may specifically reward predictions based on hierarchical structure. We provide suggestions as to how to expand upon recent work on individual differences in language processing to test these hypotheses.
Source code is a form of human communication, albeit one where the information shared between the programmers reading and writing the code is constrained by the requirement that the code executes ...correctly. Programming languages are more syntactically constrained than natural languages, but they are also very expressive, allowing a great many different ways to express even very simple computations. Still, code written by developers is highly predictable, and many programming tools have taken advantage of this phenomenon, relying on language model surprisal as a guiding mechanism. While surprisal has been validated as a measure of cognitive load in natural language, its relation to human cognitive processes in code is still poorly understood. In this paper, we explore the relationship between surprisal and programmer preference at a small granularity—do programmers prefer more predictable expressions in code? Using meaning‐preserving transformations, we produce equivalent alternatives to developer‐written code expressions and run a corpus study on Java and Python projects. In general, language models rate the code expressions developers choose to write as more predictable than these transformed alternatives. Then, we perform two human subject studies asking participants to choose between two equivalent snippets of Java code with different surprisal scores (one original and transformed). We find that programmers do prefer more predictable variants, and that stronger language models like the transformer align more often and more consistently with these preferences.
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