We propose an ideal porous structure of carbon electrodes for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). The porous carbon successfully improved the gravimetric capacitance above ∼200 F g
even in an ...organic electrolyte by utilizing the carbon nanopore surface more effectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction patterns classified 15 different porous carbon electrodes into slit-shape and worm-like-shape, and the pore size distributions of the carbons were carefully determined applying the grand canonical Monte Carlo method to N
adsorption isotherms at 77 K. The ratio of pores where solvated ions and/or desolvated ions can penetrate also has a significant effect on the EDL capacitance as well as the pore shape. The detailed study on the effect of porous morphologies on the EDLC performance indicates that a hierarchical porous structure with a worm-like shaped surface and a pore size ranging from a solvated ion to a solvent molecule is an ideal electrode structure.
A mesoporous nanocomposite of TiO2 and cut single‐walled carbon nanotubes (c‐SWNTs) is successfully synthesized by a bicontinuous microemulsion‐aided process. The nanocomposite electrode (see Figure) ...shows a high capacity even at high charging–discharging rates due to the presence of nanochannels for both ion and electron transport.
Aim
To discuss the evolving roles of Japanese nurses in meeting the goals and concerns of ongoing global sustainable development.
Background
Japanese nurses’ roles have evolved as the needs of the ...country and the communities they served, changed over time. The comprehensive public healthcare services in Japan were provided by the cooperation of hospitals and public health nurses.
Introduction
The nursing profession is exploring ways to identify and systemize nursing skills and competencies that address global health initiatives for sustainable development goals.
Methods
This paper is based on the summary of a symposium, (part of the 2015 annual meeting of the Japan Association for International Health) with panel members including experts from Japan's Official Development Assistance.
Findings
The evolving role of nurses in response to national and international needs is illustrated by nursing practices from Japan. Japanese public health nurses have also assisted overseas healthcare plans. In recent catastrophes, Japanese nurses assumed the roles of community health coordinators for restoration and maintenance of public health.
Discussion
The Japanese experience shows that nursing professionals are best placed to work with community health issues, high‐risk situations and vulnerable communities. Their cooperation can address current social needs and help global communities to transform our world.
Conclusion
Nurses have tremendous potential to make transformative changes in health and bring about the necessary paradigm shift. They must be involved in global sustainable development goals, health policies and disaster risk management. A mutual understanding of global citizen and nurses will help to renew and strengthen their capacities.
Implications
Nursing professionals can contribute effectively to achieve national and global health goals and make transformative changes.
The porous catalytic layer of perovskites was coated on either surface or both surfaces of the dense membranes of LSCF perovskites with nearly 1-mm thickness, and the catalytic effects on the oxygen ...permeation flux under the air/He gradient were investigated. The observed catalytic effects were discussed mainly on the basis of the oxygen sorption–desorption capacity (OSDC) of membrane and catalyst materials. The coating on the anode side improved the oxygen flux in any combinations of the membrane and catalyst materials having different OSDC, and an increase in the anode surface area, where oxygen association reaction takes place, is primarily responsible for the enhancement by the anode coating. The effect of the cathode coating, on the other hand, depended significantly on the relative difference in OSDC of the membrane and catalyst materials: for example, the oxygen permeation flux was enhanced and reduced by coating with perovskites having larger and smaller OSDC, respectively. It has turned out that the cathode materials should have large OSDC. The behavior of membranes modified on both sides could be understood in terms of a simple sum of the cathodic and anodic effects.
The catalytic reaction of the direct decomposition of nitrous oxide (N
2O) was investigated over Al
2O
3- and SiO
2-supported Pd, Ru, Rh and Pt catalysts as a part of development of catalytic system ...for purifying waste anesthetic gas. Effects of three gases of O
2, H
2O and isoflurane (CHF
2OCHClCF
3) as a representative of halogenated ethers were investigated because they are inevitably present in the waste anesthetic gas. The N
2O decomposition activity of 5
wt% Pd/Al
2O
3 was little affected by coexisting O
2. Coexisting H
2O caused reversibly deterioration of the activity of 5
wt% Pd/Al
2O
3, but it could be mitigated or avoided by the operation at higher temperatures. By the treatment with 1
vol% isoflurane diluted in air at 300
°C, all the catalysts were irreversibly damaged probably due to the reaction with HF originated from the decomposition of isoflurane. The weight of Al
2O
3-supported catalysts increased because of the conversion of Al
2O
3 to AlF
3, and that of SiO
2-supported catalysts decreased because of the evaporation of SiF
4. The tolerance against the isoflurane treatment depended on the kind of precious metals and Ru was suffered less deactivation than Rh and Pd.
Modification of mesoporous silica with tin oxide was investigated by the repeated post-grafting method, which consisted of the repetition of the cycle of hydroxylation of the surface, grafting of ...tin(IV) chloride through the reaction with surface hydroxyl groups and calcination in air. The singly SnO
2-modified material showed extremely high thermal stability up to 950°C as well as the stability against the treatment in basic solution (pH=10). With increasing the number of cycles, XRD peak intensity characteristic to the hexagonal mesophase decreased gradually, but the mesoporous structure was maintained up to the third modification. The optical absorption due to tin oxide was emerged by the modification and its absorbance increased with an increase in the modification cycles. The repeated modification with tin oxide caused progressive decreases in specific surface area, mesopore volume and diameter, while no significant change of the hexagonal cell parameter was observed. It was suggested from the enhanced stabilities and the pore-structure change that inner wall and outer surfaces of the mesoporous silica was progressively coated with the tin oxide layer.
We propose an ideal porous structure of carbon electrodes for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). The porous carbon successfully improved the gravimetric capacitance above ∼200 F g
−1
even in ...an organic electrolyte by utilizing the carbon nanopore surface more effectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction patterns classified 15 different porous carbon electrodes into slit-shape and worm-like-shape, and the pore size distributions of the carbons were carefully determined applying the grand canonical Monte Carlo method to N
2
adsorption isotherms at 77 K. The ratio of pores where solvated ions and/or desolvated ions can penetrate also has a significant effect on the EDL capacitance as well as the pore shape. The detailed study on the effect of porous morphologies on the EDLC performance indicates that a hierarchical porous structure with a worm-like shaped surface and a pore size ranging from a solvated ion to a solvent molecule is an ideal electrode structure.
We propose an ideal porous structure of carbon electrodes for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs).
Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (P) and sodium decatungstate (W) were layer-by-layer self-assembled onto quartz, mica, and ITO-electrode substrates (S). The self-assembled films, S-(P/W) n , ...were characterized by absorption spectrophotometry, reflectivity, cyclic voltammetry and scanning force microscopy (AFM). The electrochemical properties of the S-(P/W) n films were found to differ from those in which the polyelectrolyte remained at the outermost layer, i.e., S-(P/W) n /P. Photoelectrochemical measurements provided evidence for the electrochromic and photoelectrochromic behavior of these films.
We investigated the mechanism underlying Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) and classified it according to the morphometric analyses of posterior cranial fossa (PCF) and craniocervical junction (CCJ). ...Three independent subtypes of CM-I were confirmed (CM-I types A, B, and C) for 484 cases and 150 normal volunteers by multiple analyses. CM-I type A had normal volume of PCF (VPCF) and occipital bone size. Type B had normal VPCF and small volume of the area surrounding the foramen magnum (VAFM) and occipital bone size. Type C had small VPCF, VAFM, and occipital bone size. Morphometric analyses during craniocervical traction test demonstrated instability of CCJ. Foramen magnum decompression (FMD) was performed in 302 cases. Expansive suboccipital cranioplasty (ESCP) was performed in 102 cases. Craniocervical posterolateral fixation (CCF) was performed for CCJ instability in 70 cases. Both ESCP and FMD showed a high improvement rate of neurological symptoms and signs (84.4%) and a high recovery rate of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score (58.5%). CCF also showed a high recovery rate of the JOA score (69.7%), with successful joint stabilization (84.3%). CM-I type A was associated with other mechanisms that caused ptosis of the brainstem and cerebellum (CCJ instability and traction and pressure dissociation between the intracranial cavity and spinal canal cavity), whereas CM-I types B and C demonstrated underdevelopment of the occipital bone. For CM-I types B and C, PCF decompression should be performed, whereas for small VPCF, ESCP should be performed. CCF for CCJ instability (including CM-I type A) was safe and effective.
Abstract We investigated the mechanism underlying Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) and classified it according to the morphometric analyses of posterior cranial fossa (PCF) and craniocervical ...junction (CCJ). Three independent subtypes of CM-I were confirmed (CM-I types A, B, and C) for 484 cases and 150 normal volunteers by multiple analyses. CM-I type A had normal volume of PCF (VPCF) and occipital bone size. Type B had normal VPCF and small volume of the area surrounding the foramen magnum (VAFM) and occipital bone size. Type C had small VPCF, VAFM, and occipital bone size. Morphometric analyses during craniocervical traction test demonstrated instability of CCJ. Foramen magnum decompression (FMD) was performed in 302 cases. Expansive suboccipital cranioplasty (ESCP) was performed in 102 cases. Craniocervical posterolateral fixation (CCF) was performed for CCJ instability in 70 cases. Both ESCP and FMD showed a high improvement rate of neurological symptoms and signs (84.4%) and a high recovery rate of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score (58.5%). CCF also showed a high recovery rate of the JOA score (69.7%), with successful joint stabilization (84.3%). CM-I type A was associated with other mechanisms that caused ptosis of the brainstem and cerebellum (CCJ instability and traction and pressure dissociation between the intracranial cavity and spinal canal cavity), whereas CM-I types B and C demonstrated underdevelopment of the occipital bone. For CM-I types B and C, PCF decompression should be performed, whereas for small VPCF, ESCP should be performed. CCF for CCJ instability (including CM-I type A) was safe and effective.
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