Interpreting Interpretation Eagle, Morris N.
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,
12/2023, Letnik:
71, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Interpretation of the latent meaning of manifest content is the core of the traditional approach to psychoanalytic treatment. The main purpose of such interpretation is to enhance the patient’s ...self-knowledge, in particular his or her awareness of unconscious wishes and their embeddedness in inner conflicts. An assumption of classical psychoanalysis is that veridical interpretations—as Freud put it, interpretations that tally with what is real in the patient—will be especially effective therapeutically. These basic assumptions have been called into question, as reflected in such concepts as “narrative truth” and the overriding importance of the patient’s “assured conviction” regarding interpretations. Also called into question is the therapeutic value of “deep” interpretations intended to uncover repressed impulses. To an important extent, these have been replaced by interpretations of defensive processes just below the surface of consciousness, and interpretations that make connections among different experiences, both of which are intended to help the patient understand how his or her mind works. There is also an increased emphasis on nonsemantic aspects of interpretation, as well as some degree of skepticism toward the therapeutic value of interpretation itself, along with an increased emphasis on the implicit interpretive aspects of the therapeutic relationship. Finally, representative research is presented on the relation between transference interpretation and therapeutic outcome.
Objectives
To determine the effects of cognitive training on cognitive abilities and everyday function over 10 years.
Design
Ten‐year follow‐up of a randomized, controlled single‐blind trial ...(Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE)) with three intervention groups and a no‐contact control group.
Setting
Six U.S. cities.
Participants
A volunteer sample of 2,832 persons (mean baseline age 73.6; 26% African American) living independently.
Intervention
Ten training sessions for memory, reasoning, or speed of processing; four sessions of booster training 11 and 35 months after initial training.
Measurements
Objectively measured cognitive abilities and self‐reported and performance‐based measures of everyday function.
Results
Participants in each intervention group reported less difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) (memory: effect size = 0.48, 99% confidence interval (CI) = 0.12–0.84; reasoning: effect size = 0.38, 99% CI = 0.02–0.74; speed of processing: effect size = 0.36, 99% CI = 0.01–0.72). At a mean age of 82, approximately 60% of trained participants, versus 50% of controls (P < .05), were at or above their baseline level of self‐reported IADL function at 10 years. The reasoning and speed‐of‐processing interventions maintained their effects on their targeted cognitive abilities at 10 years (reasoning: effect size = 0.23, 99% CI = 0.09–0.38; speed of processing: effect size = 0.66, 99% CI = 0.43–0.88). Memory training effects were no longer maintained for memory performance. Booster training produced additional and durable improvement for the reasoning intervention for reasoning performance (effect size = 0.21, 99% CI = 0.01–0.41) and the speed‐of‐processing intervention for speed‐of‐processing performance (effect size = 0.62, 99% CI = 0.31–0.93).
Conclusion
Each Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly cognitive intervention resulted in less decline in self‐reported IADL compared with the control group. Reasoning and speed, but not memory, training resulted in improved targeted cognitive abilities for 10 years.
The neural circuits activated in a person carrying out actions, expressing emotions, and experiencing sensations are activated also, automatically via a mirror neuron system, in the observer of those ...actions, emotions, and sensations. It is proposed that this finding of shared activation suggests a functional mechanism of “embodied simulation” that consists of the automatic, unconscious, and noninferential simulation in the observer of actions, emotions, and sensations carried out and experienced by the observed. It is proposed also that the shared neural activation pattern and the accompanying embodied simulation constitute a fundamental biological basis for understanding another's mind. The implications of this perspective for psychoanalysis are discussed, particularly regarding unconscious communication, projective identification, attunement, empathy, autism, therapeutic action, and transference-countertransference interactions.
Strenger (1989) refers to the classic and romantic vision of psychoanalysis. I build on Strenger's paper and discuss the contrast between the vision of psychoanalysis that emphasizes the enhancement ...of self-knowledge and that tends to view conscious experience as dissimulating and the vision of psychoanalysis that places its emphasis on the enhancement of the range and richness of subjective experience.
Strenger (1989)提到精神分析的经典的和浪漫的构想。我以Strenger的论文为基础,讨论了两种精神分析构想的对比,一种是强调增强自我认识,并倾向于把意识体验看作掩饰,一种是强调加强主观体验的范围和丰富性。
A multi-domain suite of instruments has been developed by the interRAI research collaborative to support assessment and care planning in mental health, aged care and disability services. Each ...assessment instrument comprises items common to other instruments and specialized items exclusive to that instrument. This study examined the reliability of the items from five instruments supporting home care, long term care, mental health, palliative care and post-acute care.
Paired assessments on 783 individuals across 12 nations were completed within 72 hours of each other by trained assessors who were blinded to the others' assessment. Reliability was tested using weighted kappa coefficients.
The overall kappa mean value for 161 items which are common to 2 or more instruments was 0.75. The kappa mean value for specialized items varied among instruments from 0.63 to 0.73. Over 60% of items scored greater than 0.70.
The vast majority of items exceeded standard cut-offs for acceptable reliability, with only modest variation among instruments. The overall performance of these instruments showed that the interRAI suite has substantial reliability according to conventional cut-offs for interpreting the kappa statistic. The results indicate that interRAI items retain reliability when used across care settings, paving the way for cross domain application of the instruments as part of an integrated health information system.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The Gram-negative outer membrane (OM) is an asymmetric bilayer with phospholipids in its inner leaflet and mainly lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in its outer leaflet and is largely impermeable to many ...antibiotics. In
(e.g., Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Yersinia), the outer leaflet of the OM also contains phosphoglyceride-linked enterobacterial common antigen (ECA
). This molecule consists of the conserved ECA carbohydrate linked to diacylglycerol-phosphate (DAG-P) through a phosphodiester bond. ECA
contributes to the OM permeability barrier and modeling suggests that it may alter the packing of LPS molecules in the OM. Here, we investigate, in Escherichia coli K-12, the reaction synthesizing ECA
from ECA precursor linked to an isoprenoid carrier to identify the lipid donor that provides the DAG-P moiety to ECA
. Through overexpression of phospholipid biosynthesis genes, we observed alterations expected to increase levels of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) increased the synthesis of ECA
, whereas alterations expected to decrease levels of PG decreased the synthesis of ECA
. We discovered depletion of PG levels in strains that could synthesize ECA
, but not other forms of ECA, causes additional growth defects, likely due to the buildup of ECA precursor on the isoprenoid carrier inhibiting peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate ECA
can be synthesized in the absence of the other major phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin). Overall, these results conclusively demonstrate PG is the lipid donor for the synthesis of ECA
and provide a key insight into the reaction producing ECA
. In addition, these results provide an interesting parallel to lipoprotein acylation, which also uses PG as its DAG donor.
The Gram-negative outer membrane is a permeability barrier preventing cellular entry of antibiotics. However, outer membrane biogenesis pathways are targets for small molecule development. Here, we investigate the synthesis of a form of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), ECA
, found in the outer membrane of
(e.g., Escherichia, Salmonella, and Klebsiella). ECA
consists of the conserved ECA carbohydrate unit linked to diacylglycerol-phosphate-ECA is a phospholipid headgroup. The details of the reaction forming this molecule from polymerized ECA precursor are unknown. We determined the lipid donor providing the phospholipid moiety is phosphatidylglycerol. Understanding the synthesis of outer membrane constituents such as ECA
provides the opportunity for development of molecules to increase outer membrane permeability, expanding the antibiotics available to treat Gram-negative infections.
The Pandemic: Thoughts Eagle, Morris N.
Psychoanalytic psychology,
04/2021, Letnik:
38, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
I examine some of the behaviors associated with the pandemic and conclude that ordinary psychological formulations (i.e., the relationship between beliefs and action; the level of adaptation) can ...account for these behaviors.
This paper investigates the characteristics and behaviour of learners on nine Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) on the FutureLearn platform in 2014 and 2015. FutureLearn's social constructivist ...approach, which emphasizes learning through social interaction, makes the focus on forum posting within these MOOCs particularly appropriate. This study makes a significant contribution to the research on MOOCs by exploring first the extent to which learners on FutureLearn MOOCs make comments, second, whether groups of learners who comment to a lesser or greater extent have different demographic characteristics and third, whether commenting activity is associated with MOOC completion. The study uses a large dataset of over 25 000 learners to examine learners who comment versus those who do not, and learners who generate many posts. The results show that learners who are older, work part‐time or not at all are more likely to post a comment, and those who are older, work part‐time or not at all, are better educated and have prior online experience make the most comments. Making comments is also strongly associated with completing a MOOC, in particular for those who make many comments.
Lay Description
What is already known about this subject matter?
MOOCs have low completion rates.
There are different types of MOOCs with different pedagogical approaches.
FutureLearn MOOCs have a social constructivist approach and provide discussion areas to encourage social interaction.
MOOC learners have different commenting behaviours.
What this paper adds?
A consideration of the extent to which the FutureLearn approach is successful in its encouragement of social interaction.
A better understanding of which learners make comments.
A large‐scale study of the relationship between commenting and completion of MOOCs.
Implications for practitioners
Commenting and completing seem to be related.
Older, educated learners who have done an online course previously, who have spare time tend to comment and complete more.
A recognition that some types of learners engage with MOOCs in a less socially interactive way.
Introduction
Menthol topical application and mouth rinsing are ergogenic in hot environments, improving performance and perception, with differing effects on body temperature regulation. ...Consequently, athletes and federations are beginning to explore the possible benefits to elite sport performance for the Tokyo 2021 Olympics, which will take place in hot (~ 31 °C), humid (70% RH) conditions. There is no clear consensus on safe and effective menthol use for athletes, practitioners, or researchers. The present study addressed this shortfall by producing expert-led consensus recommendations.
Method
Fourteen contributors were recruited following ethical approval. A three-step modified Delphi method was used for voting on 96 statements generated following literature consultation; 192 statements total (96/96 topical application/mouth rinsing). Round 1 contributors voted to “agree” or “disagree” with statements; 80% agreement was required to accept statements. In round 2, contributors voted to “support” or “change” their round 1 unaccepted statements, with knowledge of the extant voting from round 1. Round 3 contributors met to discuss voting against key remaining statements.
Results
Forty-seven statements reached consensus in round 1 (30/17 topical application/rinsing); 14 proved redundant. Six statements reached consensus in round 2 (2/4 topical application/rinsing); 116 statements proved redundant. Nine further statements were agreed in round 3 (6/3 topical application/rinsing) with caveats.
Discussion
Consensus was reached on 62 statements in total (38/24 topical application/rinsing), enabling the development of guidance on safe menthol administration, with a view to enhancing performance and perception in the heat without impairing body temperature regulation.
Anthropogenically-modulated reductions in pH, termed ocean acidification, could pose a major threat to the physiological performance, stocks, and biodiversity of calcifiers and may devalue their ...ecosystem services. Recent debate has focussed on the need to develop approaches to arrest the potential negative impacts of ocean acidification on ecosystems dominated by calcareous organisms. In this study, we demonstrate the role of a discrete (i.e. diffusion) boundary layer (DBL), formed at the surface of some calcifying species under slow flows, in buffering them from the corrosive effects of low pH seawater. The coralline macroalga Arthrocardia corymbosa was grown in a multifactorial experiment with two mean pH levels (8.05 'ambient' and 7.65 a worst case 'ocean acidification' scenario projected for 2100), each with two levels of seawater flow (fast and slow, i.e. DBL thin or thick). Coralline algae grown under slow flows with thick DBLs (i.e., unstirred with regular replenishment of seawater to their surface) maintained net growth and calcification at pH 7.65 whereas those in higher flows with thin DBLs had net dissolution. Growth under ambient seawater pH (8.05) was not significantly different in thin and thick DBL treatments. No other measured diagnostic (recruit sizes and numbers, photosynthetic metrics, %C, %N, %MgCO3) responded to the effects of reduced seawater pH. Thus, flow conditions that promote the formation of thick DBLs, may enhance the subsistence of calcifiers by creating localised hydrodynamic conditions where metabolic activity ameliorates the negative impacts of ocean acidification.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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