Altered interactions between the gut mucosa and bacteria during HIV infection seem to contribute to chronic immune dysfunction. A deeper understanding of how nutritional interventions could ...ameliorate gut dysbiosis is needed. Forty-four subjects, including 12 HIV
viremic untreated (VU) patients, 23 antiretroviral therapy-treated (ART
) virally suppressed patients (15 immunological responders and 8 non-responders) and 9 HIV
controls (HIV
), were blindly randomized to receive either prebiotics (scGOS/lcFOS/glutamine) or placebo (34/10) over 6 weeks in this pilot study. We assessed fecal microbiota composition using deep 16S rRNA gene sequencing and several immunological and genetic markers involved in HIV immunopathogenesis. The short dietary supplementation attenuated HIV-associated dysbiosis, which was most apparent in VU individuals but less so in ART
subjects, whose gut microbiota was found more resilient. This compositional shift was not observed in the placebo arm. Significantly, declines in indirect markers of bacterial translocation and T-cell activation, improvement of thymic output, and changes in butyrate production were observed. Increases in the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Lachnospira strongly correlated with moderate but significant increases of butyrate production and amelioration of the inflammatory biomarkers soluble CD14 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, especially among VU. Hence, the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathway holds promise as a viable target for interventions.
This study evaluated the effects of different regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies applied to olive (Arbequina cultivar) trees on the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the resulting ...oil during the maximum evaporative demand period for three consecutive crop seasons. Quality indices, fatty acid composition, pigments, colour, α-tocopherol and phenolic contents, bitter index, oxidative stability and organoleptic properties of the oil were determined. Irrigation did not affect those parameters used as criteria for classifying olive oil in its commercial grades. Only polyphenol and o-diphenol contents and, consequently, the bitter index and oxidative stability were affected by the RDI strategy, with increasing values as the water applied decreased. Regulated deficit irrigation resulted in important savings in irrigation requirements without detriment to oil quality.
This study reports the HPLC profiles of phenolic compounds of virgin olive oils obtained from young olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina) and how the application of a linear irrigation ...strategy affected these. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid, vanillin, 4-(acetoxyethyl)-1,2-dihydroxybenzene, p-coumaric acid, the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol and to tyrosol, lignans, and the oleuropein aglycon were found in all the oils. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid contents in the oils were unaffected by linear irrigation. The concentration of lignans was lower in the oils from the least irrigated treatment and the concentration of vanillin increased as the amount of irrigation water applied to olive trees increased. However, 4-(acetoxyethyl)-1,2-dihydroxybenzene, the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol and to tyrosol, and the oleuropein aglycon, all of them hydroxyphenyl derivatives, decreased as the level of irrigation water increased. The latter three compounds represented the most considerable part of the phenolic fraction of the oils and they were shown to be correlated to the oxidative stability, the bitter index (K 225), and the bitter, pungent, and sweet sensory attributes. Linear irrigation strategy changed the profile of the oil phenolic compounds and, therefore, changed both the organoleptic properties and the antioxidant capacity of the product. Keywords: Arbequina cultivar; linear irrigation; olive oil; phenolics
The aim of this work was to study the changes in the lipid substrate and in the minor components and specially in the phenolic fraction of commercial virgin olive oils of Arbequina cultivar after 12 ...months of storage. An increase of oleic acid percentage was found in the fatty acid composition. Important losses of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and total phenol content of oils occur after the storage period. Significant decreases were observed in secoiridoid derivatives and 3,4-DHPEA-AC after the storage period, while lignans were the more stable phenolic compounds. α-tocopherol disappeared after the storage period, in all oils.
Changes in L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) activity and total phenolic, ortho-diphenolic and fat contents of olive flesh in response to different irrigation treatments applied to ...olive tree cv Arbequina were studied during fruit ripening. Results indicate that the fat content of olive flesh at harvest was not affected by irrigation, although olives from the most heavily irrigated treatment reached their final fat content (dry weight) earlier than those from other irrigation treatments. PAL activity and phenolic content, expressed on a dry weight basis, decreased during fruit development and were affected by irrigation, being lowered as the water supplied increased. Good correlations were established between PAL enzymatic activity and the polyphenol and ortho-diphenol contents of olive flesh, indicating that PAL is involved in the phenolic metabolism of olive fruit. The phenolic content of the oil depends on the PAL activity in the fruit, which varies with changes in water status.
Berries are rich sources of (poly)phenols which have been associated with the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in animal models and in human clinical trials. Recently, a berry enriched diet was ...reported to decrease blood pressure and attenuate kidney disease progression on Dahl salt-sensitive rats. However, the relationship between kidney function, metabolism and (poly)phenols was not evaluated. We hypothesize that berries promote metabolic alterations concomitantly with an attenuation of the progression of renal disease. For that, kidney and urinary metabolomic changes induced by the berry enriched diet in hypertensive rats (Dahl salt-sensitive) were analyzed using liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS) and 1H NMR techniques. Moreover, physiological and metabolic parameters, and kidney histopathological data were also collected. The severity of the kidney lesions promoted in Dahl rats by a high salt diet was significantly reduced by berries, namely a decrease in sclerotic glomeruli. In addition, was observed a high urinary excretion of metabolites that are indicators of alterations in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, citrate cycle, and pyruvate metabolism in the salt induced-hypertensive rats, a metabolic profile counteracted by berries consumption. We also provide novel insights that relates (poly)phenols consumption with alterations in cysteine redox pools. Cysteine contribute to the redox signaling that is normally disrupted during kidney disease onset and progression. Our findings provide a vision about the metabolic responses of hypertensive rats to a (poly)phenol enriched diet, which may contribute to the understanding of the beneficial effects of (poly)phenols in salt-induced hypertension.
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•Kidney alterations on hypertensive rats are reduced by a berries-enriched diet.•(Poly)phenol metabolites are more retained in kidney of Dahl/SS rats.•Berries restore the salt-induced alterations in urine of Dahl/SS rats.•Berry-enriched diet modulate cysteine catabolism in hypertensive rats.
• GSPE differentially modulates gene expression in SAT and VAT. • In lean Wistar rats GSPE targets mesenteric adipose tissue. • In Zucker obese rat GSPE targets subcutaneous adipose tissue. • The ...adipose depots targeted by GSPE accumulate more non-modified structures. • Procyanidin dimer is found in adipose tissue in rats.
Visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots have different metabolic roles that may be involved in the development of obesity-related pathologies. Procyanidins have beneficial effects on insulin resistance, and they target adipose tissue. We analyse whether procyanidins exert different effects, depending on the adipose tissue depot, and whether these effects show a relation to the amount of phenolic compound in the tissue. We studied the effects of a grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) treatment at the transcriptional level on genes expressed differentially between mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots and genes previously shown to be targets of procyanidins. Procyanidins target mesenteric adipose tissue in Wistar lean rats but subcutaneous adipose tissue in Zucker obese rats. Non-modified structures also accumulated, preferentially in the same respective tissues that were responsive to GSPE. Thus, procyanidins target and accumulate differently in mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots, depending on the metabolic condition of the animal model.
This study was designed to determine the ulcer-protecting effects of rutin, a natural flavone, against gastric lesions induced by 50% ethanol, the experimental model related to lesion pathogenesis ...with production of reactive species. The possible involvement of sulphydryl compounds (SH), neutrophil infiltration, and the capacity of this flavone to restrain the oxidative process produced in the gastric tissue were also investigated. The levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBA, as index of lipid peroxidation), the myeloperoxidase activity (MPO, as a marker of neutrophil infiltration), the content of mucosal sulphydryls (SH) groups and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, an important antioxidant enzyme) were determined. Pretreatment with the highest dose of rutin (200 mg/kg), 120 min before 50% ethanol, resulted in the most effective necrosis prevention. TBA reactive substances in the gastric mucosa, were increased by ethanol injury, and this increase was inhibited by the administration of 200 mg/kg of rutin. However, the flavonoid was not able to modify the ethanol-induced neutrophil infiltrate expressed as myeloperoxidase activity. Exposure of the gastric mucosa to 50% ethanol induced a significant diminution in gastric non-protein SH content; this parameter also was not modified by the treatment with rutin. GSH-Px activity decreased in the gastric mucosa after ethanol-treatment. In contrast, rutin at all tested doses induced a significant increase in this enzymatic activity, higher than in control group. These results suggest that the gastroprotective effect of rutin in this experimental model appears through an anti-lipoperoxidant effect, and also by enhancement of the anti-oxidant enzymatic (GSH-Px) activity.
Resumen
La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la forma más común de demencia y tiene una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad. La EA se caracteriza principalmente por la presencia de dos estructuras ...aberrantes en el cerebro de los pacientes, placas seniles formadas por péptido-β-amiloide (Aβ) y ovillos neurofibrilares cuyo principal componente es la proteína tau fosforilada. Aunque actualmente no se conoce bien la etiopatogenia, cada vez son más los estudios que demuestran un efecto causal del microbioma intestinal sobre la EA y las funciones cognitivas, a través del "eje microbiota intestino-cerebro". Las evidencias científicas sugieren un posible efecto protector de los polifenoles del vino frente a los trastornos neurodegenerativos aunque se desconocen los mecanismos y, hasta el momento, los estudios para evaluar de forma exhaustiva el efecto del vino sobre la etiopatogenia de la EA son muy escasos. El objetivo principal de la línea de investigación que enmarca este trabajo es entender cómo la dieta, y especialmente los polifenoles presentes en los alimentos vegetales, y otros factores del estilo de vida interactúan con el microbioma oral e intestinal, en relación con la salud digestiva y el deterioro cognitivo. Para ello, se está llevando a cabo una aproximación experimental que tiene como finalidad evaluar el posible efecto protector de los polifenoles del vino, mediante la suplementación de la dieta en dos modelos murinos de la EA (patología Aß y Tau), y, por otro lado, se está profundizando en el estudio de los mecanismos de protección mediante la evaluación de los efectos del ácido protocatéquico sobre la actividad eléctrica del cerebro.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of age-related dementia with high morbidity and mortality. AD is mainly characterized by the presence of two aberrant structures in the brain of patients, senile plaques formed by peptide-β-amyloid (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles whose main component is phosphorylated tau protein. Although the etiopathogenesis is currently not well understood, an increasing number of studies demonstrate a causal effect of the gut microbiome on AD and cognitive functions, through the "gut-brain microbiota axis". Scientific evidence suggests a possible protective effect of wine polyphenols against neurodegenerative disorders although the mechanisms are unknown and, so far, studies to evaluate comprehensively the effect of wine on the etiopathogenesis of AD are very scarce. The main objective of the research line that frames this work is to understand how diet, and especially the polyphenols present in plant foods, and other lifestyle factors interact with the oral and intestinal microbiome in relation to digestive health and cognitive impairment. To this end, an experimental approach is being carried out to evaluate the possible protective effect of wine polyphenols through dietary supplementation in two murine models of AD (Aß and Tau pathology), and, on the other hand, the study of the protective mechanisms is being deepened by evaluating the effects of protocatechuic acid on the electrical activity of the brain.
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