Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) can be used in odontology and orthopedic grafts to restore damaged bone due to its stable chemical characteristics, composition, and crystal structural affinity for human ...bone. A three-step hydrothermal method was used for the extraction of biogenic calcined HA from the buffalo waste bones at 700 °C (HA-700) and 1000 °C (HA-1000). Extracts were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and in vivo examination of HA xenografts for femoral lesions in experimental rats. Crystallinity, purity, and morphology patterns showed that the HA main phase purity was 84.68% for HA-700 and 88.99% for HA-1000. Spherical HA nanoparticles were present for calcined HA-700 samples in the range 57–423 nm. Rats with critical bone lesions of 3 mm in diameter in the left femur treated with calcined HA-700 nanoparticles healed significantly (
p
< 0.001) faster than rats treated with HA-1000 or negative controls. These findings showed that spherical biogenic HA-700 NPs with a bud-like structure have the potential to stimulate both osteoconduction and bone remodeling, leading to greater bone formation potential in vivo. Thus, the calcined biogenic HA generated from buffalo waste bones may be a practical tool for biomedical applications.
In this work, a new framework for breast cancer image segmentation and classification is proposed. Different models including InceptionV3, DenseNet121, ResNet50, VGG16 and MobileNetV2 models, are ...applied to classify Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS), Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) and the Curated Breast Imaging Subset of DDSM (CBIS-DDSM) into benign and malignant. Moreover, the trained modified U-Net model is utilized to segment breast area from the mammogram images. This method will aid as a radiologist's assistant in early detection and improve the efficiency of our system. The Cranio Caudal (CC) vision and Mediolateral Oblique (MLO) view are widely used for the identification and diagnosis of breast cancer. The accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis will be improved as the number of views is increased. Our proposed frame work is based on MLO view and CC view to enhance the system performance. In addition, the lack of tagged data is a big challenge. Transfer learning and data augmentation are applied to overcome this problem. Three mammographic datasets; MIAS, DDSM and CBIS-DDSM, are utilized in our evaluation. End-to-end fully convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are introduced in this paper. The proposed technique of applying data augmentation with modified U-Net model and InceptionV3 achieves the best result, specifically with the DDSM dataset. This achieves 98.87% accuracy, 98.88% area under the curve (AUC), 98.98% sensitivity, 98.79% precision, 97.99% F1 score, and a computational time of 1.2134 s on DDSM datasets.
has been reported as a potent taxol producer based on quantitative analysis by TLC and HPLC. The biosynthetic potency of taxol has been validated from PCR detection of rate-limiting genes of taxol ...synthesis such as taxadienesynthase and 10-de-acetylbaccatin III-O-acetyltransferase (DBAT), which catalyzes the immediate diterpenoid precursor of the taxol substance, as detected by PCR. Taxol production by
was assessed by growing the fungus on different media. Potato dextrose broth (PDB) was shown to be the best medium for obtaining the higher amount of taxol (170 µg/L). A stepwise optimization of culture conditions necessary for production of higher amounts of taxol was investigated. The substance taxol was produced optimally after 18 d of incubation at 30 °C in PDB adjusted initially at pH 8.0 with shaking (120 rpm) (250 µg/L). The
taxol was purified successfully by HPLC. Instrumental analyzes such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy,
HNMR and
C NMR approved the structural formula of taxol (C
H
NO
), as constructed by ChemDraw. The
taxol showed promising anticancer activity.
One of the important devices for developing optical networks is the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). SOAs are utilized in a wide range to accomplish different purposes. In this paper, a ...wideband steady-state model and the corresponding numerical solution are presented for a bulk InP-InGaAsP homogeneous buried ridge stripe SOA. We characterize its gain and noise figure response to the variation in the bias current and the power of input signal. Moreover, the impact of power of input signal, molar fraction of Arsenide, bias current, and temperature is investigated at the spatial distribution of carrier density on the active region of the wideband SOA. The numerical results are approved by a comparison with simulation results showing a fair agreement. The obtained results reveal that the gain reaches its maximum value of 24, 23 and 21.6 dB at an input bias current of 120, 100 and 80 mA, separately, at the power of input signal of − 40 dBm. While, the minimum achieved noise figure (NF) is 13, 12, 9 dB at the power of input signal of − 40, − 20 and − 10 dBm, respectively, at an input bias current of 150 mA
.
The resulting antibiotic residue and organic chemicals from continuous climatic change, urbanization and increasing food demand have a detrimental impact on environmental and human health protection. ...So, we created a unique B, N-CQDs (Boron, Nitrogen doping carbon quantum dots) based fluorescent nanosensor to investigate novel sensing methodologies for the precise and concentrated identification of antibiotics and phenol derivatives substances to ensure that they are included in the permitted percentages. The as-prepared highly fluorescent B, N-CQDs had a limited range of sizes between 1 and 6 nm and average sizes of 2.5 nm in our study. The novel B, N-CQDs showed high sensitivity and selectivity for phenolic derivatives such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and para aminophenol, as well as organic solvents such as hexane, with low detection limits of 0.05, 0.024, 0.032 and 0.013 µM respectively in an aqueous medium. The high fluorescence B, N-CQDs probes were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV/VIS spectroscopy. The outcomes were compared to carbon quantum dots (CQDs) previously generated from Urea.
Recently, biometric systems are extensively and commonly utilized for authentication and verification applications. The security issue and the dependence on a specific biometric for the biometric ...verification process are the main challenges confronted in biometric systems. The security issue comes due to the exploitation of the original biometrics in stored servers. Therefore, if any attacks have been introduced to the stored biometrics, they will be missed indefinitely. Consequently, the stored original biometrics must be secured through maintaining and storing these templates away from exploitation in their servers. So, there is a need for designing a cancelable biometric recognition system (CBRS) that is a promising protection trend in biometric verification and authentication fields. The CBRS is based on the conversion of biometric data or its features to a different arrangement. In this paper, a novel CBRS based on the suggested optical PTFT (Phase Truncated Fourier Transform) asymmetric encryption algorithm is introduced. In the proposed algorithm, two different distributions of phases in the output and Fourier planes are maintained as deciphering keys, and thus, the encryption keys will not be utilized for the decryption process. This leads to the advantage that the two ciphering keys may be utilized as public secret keys to encrypt distinct biometric images. Consequently, the suggested PTFT cryptosystem is an asymmetric encryption/decryption technique compared to the preceding related optical encryption techniques that are symmetric techniques such as Optical Scanning Holography (OSH) and Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE). The suggested PTFT asymmetric encryption algorithm also has a wonderful practical performance in security applications. One of the main contributions of the proposed optical PTFT asymmetric encryption algorithm is that it removes the linearity features of the optical OSH and DRPE symmetric encryption algorithms through its great features of the phase truncation nonlinear operation. Subsequently, this produces an encrypted biometric template with two public keys, and the authenticated user can retrieve the original biometric template utilizing two private keys with achieving a high security and cancelability performance for the stored biometrics. To confirm the efficacy of the suggested optical encryption algorithm for developing a secure CBRS, various biometric datasets of face, ear, palmprint, fingerprint, and iris images are examined and analyzed. Extensive comparative analyses are performed amongst the suggested algorithm and the optical OSH and DRPE encryption algorithms. The experimental outcomes achieved for performance quality assessment assure that the suggested CBRS is reliable, robust, and realistic. It has great security and cancelability proficiency that expose excellent cancelable biometric recognition performance even in the existence of noise. Moreover, the performed experiments declare that the suggested CBRS guarantee an average FRR (False Reject Rate) of 0.0012, EER (Equal Error Rate) of 0.0019, and FAR (False Accept Rate) of 0.0030, and an average AROC (Areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic) of 0.9996.
Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs) have numerous attractive characteristics; for example: minimum power usage, broadband, flexible wavelength, wide dynamic range and significant nonlinearities. ...In this study, we present a comprehensive model of output saturation power and fiber-to-fiber gain of wideband SOAs. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of optical confinement factor, bias current, input signal power, temperature, and amplifier length on the fiber-to-fiber gain spectrum in the C-band. The obtained numerical results are approved by comparison with simulation results showing a fair agreement. The results reveal that output saturation power is improved by decreasing the optical confinement factor. Additionally, when input signal power rises, the maximum fiber-to-fiber gain value declines. Furthermore, as the temperature rises, the fiber-to-fiber gain decreases. Moreover, the maximum fiber-to-fiber gain is obtained at shorter amplifier lengths. Additionally, the effect of carrier density on the spectrum of coefficient of material gain is investigated, showing an increase in its value when increasing the carrier density, with a peak near 1550 nm.
In this paper, we suppose an underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system, where the communication utilizes visible light communication for its advantages as wide spectrum, high data rate ...and high accuracy. The novelty of this paper is focused on improving the channel estimation between transmitter and receiver, where using Kalman Filter (KF) for channel estimation in UOWCs achieves the best results as compared to other traditional channel estimation methods. The scenario of this paper is summarized in transmitting data from transmitter to receiver via underwater harbor and coastal channels. Two channel models are utilized: weighted double gamma functions (WDGF) and a combination of exponential and arbitrary power function (CEAPF). The modulation technique used is optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with two kinds: direct current optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) and asymmetrically clipping optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ACO-OFDM). Three different techniques are used for channel estimation: Least Square (LS), minimum mean square error (MMSE), and KF. The simulation results reveal that the ACO-OFDM modulation technique with CEAPF channel modeling using KF achieves the lowest bit error rate (BER) compared to other channel estimation methods. The improvement percentage at BER = 10
−1
is 13.3% for ACO-OFDM over DCO-OFDM with CEAPF in coastal water and is is 9.3% for WDGF. This indicates that CEAPF performs about 4% better than WDGF for ACO-OFDM than DCO-OFDM in terms of channel estimation.
In this paper, we analyze a combination based on a hybrid triple hop terrestrial free-space optical (FSO), a fiber optic cable (FOC), and an underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) link for ...providing high-speed optical connectivity between onshore and submerge systems. UOWC, scattering, absorption, and turbulence severely degrade the reliability and transmission rate of the UOWC link. In our manuscript, a bend-insensitive intermediate FOC link and a spatial diversity (SD) are exploited to improve the error performance of UOWC links, which involves the deployment of multiple input single outputs (MISO). For this purpose, different transmission signaling schemes, such as pulse position modulation (PPM) with spatial modulation (SM) and on–off keying (OOK) with repetition coding (RC), are employed to evaluate the system performance in terms of average bit error rate (ABER). The behavior of the entire system is obtained by applying a decode-and-forward (DF), where we consider log-normal channels for FSO and UOWC. The path loss and turbulence are obtained using intensity modulation and direct detection schemes. To obtain performance results, Monte Carlo-based statistical simulation method is applied to validate the analytical ABER performance of the system. The achieved results reveal that MISO-OOK-RC has superior ABER performance as compared to MISO-PPM-SM in higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions with different underwater turbulence strengths.
A combined wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-polarization division multiplexing-dual polarization (DP) in-phase quadrature modulation is proposed in hybrid single mode fiber (SMF)/free space ...optics (FSO) communication system to be used for last mile connectivity. Four WDM channels are used; each carries 112 Gbps information data. Additionally, 16-quadrature amplitude modulation signals are used in a DP in-phase quadrature modulation. Also, for SMF nonlinear losses and dispersion loss, digital signal processing algorithms are used to compensate nonlinear fiber losses, dispersion, and FSO channel losses. Furthermore, we assumed constant SMF length of 50 km with various ranges for the FSO link. External climate changes like clear air (CA), hazy, rainy, and foggy weather conditions are considered for evaluating the system performance. Both the bit error rate (BER) and percentage of error vector magnitude (EVM%) are used as performance metrics. The simulation results assure the longest transmission distance of 50 km SMF + 3.5 km FSO under CA and the shortest transmission distance of 50 km SMF + 0.675 km FSO under heavy fog with an overall capacity of 448 Gbps. At BER < 3.8 × 10
−3
and EVM% < 15%, these transmission ranges are conducted. Consequently, the proposed SMF/FSO system is suggested to be used in the fifth generation last-mile wide-area networks.
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