(1) Background: This study investigated the relationships between forgiveness, self-compassion, and flourishing, and examined the mediating and moderating role of self-compassion (self-warmth and ...self-cold) in the relationship between forgiveness and flourishing. (2) Methods: A sample of 300 Polish participants aged 18-57 (
= 23.53 years,
= 5.82) completed the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Flourishing Scale; we used Spearman's rho correlations to assess the associations between the main analyzed variables and used PROCESS software to calculate moderation and mediation. (3) Results: The obtained data showed that forgiveness and self-compassion were positively related to flourishing. Self-warmth (positive dimension of self-compassion) mediated and moderated the link between forgiveness and flourishing. In contrast, self-coldness (negative dimension of self-compassion) did not mediate or moderate the association between forgiveness and flourishing. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that positive resources relate to and support one another. Compassionate self-responding is associated with positive resources; in contrast, uncompassionate self-responding is not significant for positive variables.
Although hope and forgiveness have been both negatively correlated with depression, actual relationships between all three variables have never been investigated. The aim of the study was to examine ...a theoretical model in which forgiveness mediates the relationship between basic hope and depressive symptoms. The sample was composed of 77 psychotherapy outpatients. Polish adaptations of the Basic Hope Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale were used. Negative and positive aspects of dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations beyond anyone’s control were applied. Results indicated that the general level of forgiveness, as well as overcoming unforgiveness, fully mediated the relationship between basic hope and depression symptoms, while positive dimension of forgiveness partially mediated the links between the variables. The findings demonstrate that the tendency to forgive might be a mechanism via which basic hope reduces odds of depression.
The aim of the study was to analyze the relationships between the propensity to forgive and life satisfaction in different age groups. Polish versions of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (adapted by ...Kaleta, Mróz, and Guzewicz, 2016) and of The Satisfaction with Life Scale by Diener et al. (SWLS, 1985) adapted by Juczyński (2012), were used. The sample consisted of 436 individuals aged 19–67. The analyses were performed separately for all age groups. Positive and negative dimensions of forgiveness of self, of others, and of situations beyond anyone's control were considered. The results revealed relationships between different aspects of the disposition to forgive and life satisfaction across the entire sample. In addition, significant positive correlations between positive and negative aspects of forgiveness and life satisfaction were observed in individuals aged 19–30 and 41–50. On the other hand, in the group of respondents aged 31–40 a significant positive relationship between reduced unforgiveness and satisfaction with life, whereas in the group aged 50 and over, between positive forgiveness and life satisfaction, were revealed.
•Disposition to forgive and life satisfaction are examined in different age groups.•Negative and positive dimensions of forgiveness are considered.•Positive forgiveness is crucial for satisfaction with life among older adults.•Reduction of unforgiveness is important for content people aged 31–40.•In youth and middle age both types of forgiveness are related to happy life.
Links between contextual variables and forgiveness have been widely acknowledged in the literature. From the layperson's perspective, receipt of an apology is one of the most important reasons to ...forgive the offender, while lack of apology is a major reason not to forgive (Younger et al., 2004). The effect of apology or remedial behaviors on forgiveness has been confirmed by many studies. However, more in-depth analyses of the associations have been undertaken very rarely. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between apology and forgiveness moderated by the personality variables, such as the Big Five dimensions and trait anger. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in Polish samples consisting, respectively, of 259 and 236 individuals aged 15–79. Polish versions of the Decision to Forgive Scale, the Emotional Forgiveness Scale, the Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 were used. Perceived apology was rated using a five-point scale. The results showed that apology was positively related to both emotional and decisional forgiveness. Agreeableness, as the only personality dimension, moderated the link between apology and decisional forgiveness. Participants with average and higher levels of agreeableness showed a greater decision to forgive their offenders.
•The apology-forgiveness relationships moderated by personality were tested.•Apology was positively related to both emotional and decisional forgiveness.•The Big Five dimensions and trait anger were considered as moderators.•Agreeableness moderated the link between apology and decisional forgiveness.•Trait anger had no effect on the apology-forgiveness association.
Resilience and meaning in life are significant indicators of psychological well-being and health, which are particularly important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, they have been ...explored by a growing number of scientists. There has been a research gap, however, that fails to show that time perspectives also have a significant impact on the perception and building of different life aspects. The current study investigated the associations between resilience, time perspectives and meaning in life and examined the moderating role of time perspective in the relationship between resilience and meaning in life.
Participants of this cross-sectional study were 363 adults aged 18-70. Resilience Measurement Scale (SPP-25), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), and the Purpose in Life Questionnaire (PIL) were used.
The findings confirmed a positive relationship between resilience, meaning in life, and positive time perspectives (Present Hedonistic and Future) and a negative link with Past Negative and Present Fatalistic perspectives. The linear regression analyses showed that Past Negative and Past Positive perspectives significantly moderated the relationship between resilience and meaning in life. The moderating effect was also confirmed in the case of past time perspectives only.
The findings indicate the relevance of positive resources, such as resilience and positive perception of the past, in keeping the meaning in life. Understanding the effect of psychological strengths in the context of the pandemic time can be a key to providing intervention and therapeutic services fostering mental health and well-being.
The present study investigates the relationship between resilience and parental behaviours and examines the moderating role of parent and child age in this relationship. The cross‐sectional ...descriptive study was conducted with a sample of 204 parents of children aged 6 months to 12 years. The Resilience Assessment Scale and the Parenting Behaviours and Dimensions Questionnaire were used. The findings confirmed the existence of a positive relationship between parental resilience and desirable parental dimensions and a negative association with undesirable behaviours towards children. However, overall resilience was not associated with anxious intrusiveness. The moderating effect confirmed that parental age played a moderating role between resilience and punitive behaviours. Child age moderated the relationship between resilience and emotional warmth, permissiveness and anxious intrusiveness. The results of the study indicate the importance of positive resources, such as resilience, and demographic variables, such as parental and child age, in the development of positive parenting.
Although women are believed to be more forgiving than men, the results of many studies comparing women with men vary. Moreover, little is known about unique correlates or differential patterns of ...experiencing forgiveness by gender. In the present study, we compared men and women in terms of their level of dispositional forgiveness and its emotional correlates, namely positive and negative affect, anxiety, and emotional control. The sample consisted of 625 individuals aged 19–69, of whom 478 (76.5%) were women and 147 (23.5%) were men. Polish versions of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (CECS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used. Men showed a higher level of general forgiveness and greater willingness to overcome unforgiveness than women, but there was no significant difference in positive facets of the disposition to forgive. In both genders negative affect, anxiety, and control of anger and of depression were negatively related to dimensions of dispositional forgiveness, and positive affect was positively associated with forgiveness. In females control of anxiety was negatively and in males it was positively related to facets of forgiveness. Gender moderated a number of links between affective traits and forgiveness of self and of situations beyond control, but not forgiveness of others.
(1) Background: Cyberhate is becoming increasingly prevalent, just as Internet addiction. One way to deal with hate speech may be to make a decision to forgive the offence. However, addiction to the ...Internet, due to cognitive changes caused, can play a role in the making of this decision. (2) Methods: A total of N = 246 participants completed the Online Cognitive Scale (OCS), Decision to Forgive Scale (DTFS), and a single-item scale to assess cyberhate severity. In our cross-sectional study, we tested the moderating role of Internet addiction in the relationship between the severity of cyberhate and decisional forgiveness. (3) Results: The results of our study show an inverse correlation between cyberhate severity and decisional forgiveness. We found that Internet addiction moderated the relationship between the perceived severity of cyberhate and forgiveness. In case of a high level of Internet addiction, the transgression severity-forgiveness link is not significant. (4) Conclusions: These results are in accordance with the studies that showed the negative effects of Internet addiction on cognitive processes.
This is a cross-sectional study using questionnaires.
This paper investigates the correlation between forgiveness and acceptance of disability and mediation effects of appraisal of disability in ...people with traumatic spinal cord injury (T-SCI).
Community-dwelling people with T-SCI in Poland.
The study assessed forgiveness, appraisal of disability, and acceptance of disability. The association between all the variables was examined by Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple mediation macro Preacher and Hayes' (Behav Res Methods 40:879-91, 2008)-model 4, including appraisals of disability as a mediator on the relationship between forgiveness and acceptance of disability.
Participants were 163 adults with T-SCI (63 females and 100 males, the average age of the sample was 39.6, SD = 9.38). Forgiveness showed a significant relationship with all dimensions of acceptance of disability. In addition, appraisal of disability, especially determined resolve, overwhelming disbelief, and negative perceptions of disability were mediators between forgiveness and all dimensions of acceptance of disability. In case of acceptance of disability as a subordinating physique relative to other values, full mediation was observed.
Forgiveness along with appraisal of disability is important for explaining disability acceptance. Promoting forgiveness and positive assessments of disability at the same time weakening negative assessments of disability can be favorable for making necessary changes in values, and as a result, for strengthened mental health and successful psychosocial adaptation in individuals with T-SCI.
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