Rationale and objectives
Late diagnosis of HIV infection is a public health problem. Framed by the international guidelines for improving HIV testing, in 2014, the Spanish Ministry of Health ...published a guide of recommendations to promote early diagnosis of HIV in health care settings. In the Community of Madrid, in order to implement these recommendations, we defined 3 new HIV testing strategies in primary health care. The objectives of this study were to know the interest of professionals and the acceptability for patients towards these strategies.
Methods
We performed a quasi‐experimental study to assess the feasibility of the implementation of new strategies (indicator condition, risk based, and universal offer) to promote early detection of HIV infection in the framework of the ESTVIH project. The centres participating in this project were randomly chosen among centres located in the health areas with the highest incidence of HIV infection. The feasibility was assessed in 6 centres. We considered outcomes by strategy in relation to the participation of professionals (family physician and nursing) and patients.
Results
Overall, 56.9% of eligible professionals agreed to take part in the study; however, the percentage of professionals who recruited patients was 25.9%. This percentage was higher in the indicator condition strategy (47.2%, versus 18.5% in the universal offer and 14.3% in the risk‐based strategy, P‐value < 0.05). The test uptake percentage was greater than 80%, and there were no statistically significant differences between strategies.
Conclusion
Different strategies promoting HIV testing in primary care had different acceptability among professionals and similar among patients. At the end of the ESTVIH project, these results will be complemented with others related to the contribution of each strategy to improving the early diagnosis of HIV infection.
Estimar la prevalencia de uso de anticoncepción hormonal de solo gestágenos (AHSG) entre las mujeres demandantes de anticoncepción reversible en atención primaria (AP).
Estudio descriptivo ...transversal multicéntrico.
AP de la Comunidad de Madrid.
Mujeres entre 16-50 años, usuarias de anticoncepción reversible, que hablen español y hubieran acudido en el último año a consulta de AP.
Encuesta telefónica. Variable principal: método anticonceptivo utilizado: solo gestágenos (sí/no). Edad, paridad, país de origen, tipo de método anticonceptivo (MAC) utilizado, motivo de elección, duración, fuente de información, lugar de obtención, satisfacción con el método.
417 mujeres. Edad: media 30,3 años (DE: 7,7). Españolas: 69%, estudios secundarios y universitarios: 82%, nulíparas: 57%. Tipo de MAC utilizado: AHSG 14%, hormonal combinado (AHC): 74%, DIU cobre: 2%, preservativo: 10%. La prevalencia de uso de AHSG fue del 13,9% (IC95%: 10,6-17,2). Entre los AHSG el método más utilizado fue el inyectable trimestral de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (4,6%), píldora oral de desogestrel (4,1%), DIU-LNG (3,9%), implante subdérmico de etonogestrel (1,9%). El médico de familia fue el prescriptor del MAC en el 71% de las mujeres. Satisfacción: alta (mediana 10 sobre 10). Utilizar AHSG se asoció con mayor edad, ser extranjera y motivos de prescripción: lactancia y tener contraindicación médica para AHC (p<0,05).
La prevalencia de uso para la AHSG fue del 14%, la satisfacción fue muy alta para todos los MAC. El perfil de usuaria para la AHSG corresponde a mujer de mayor edad, extranjera y con condiciones como la lactancia o la contraindicación para otros MAC.
To estimate the prevalence of use of progestin-only contraceptive among women who request reversible contraception in Primary Care (PC).
Multicentre cross-sectional study.
Primary Care Health Care Centres (Madrid).
Women aged 16-50 years old, users of reversible contraception, who speak Spanish, and had attended the Primary Care Centre in the last year.
Primary outcome: contraceptive method used: Contraception with progestins-only (yes/no). Age, parity, country of origin, type of contraceptive method used, reason for choice, source of information, satisfaction with the contraceptive method. Telephone survey.
A total of 417 women were interviewed. The median age was 30.3years (SD: 7.7). Spanish 69%, and 82% of participants had secondary or university studies. More than half (57%) were nulliparous. The type of contraceptive used included: progestins only: 14%, combined hormonal contraceptive: 74%, copper IUD: 2%, and condom 10%. The prevalence of use of “progestins-only” was 13.9% (95%CI: 10.6-17.2). Medroxyprogesterone acetate injection was the most progestin-only method used (4.6%), desogestrel oral pill (4.1%), IUD-levonorgestrel IUD (3.9%), and etonogestrel subdermal implant (1.9%). The family doctor was the prescriber in 71% of the women. Satisfaction: high (range 9-10). Using only progestogens was associated with older age, being non-Spanish, breastfeeding, and having a medical contraindication for combined contraception (P<0.05).
The prevalence of use for progestins was 14%, satisfaction was very high for all contraceptive methods. The user profile for the only progestins-only corresponds to older, and non-Spanish women with conditions such as breastfeeding or contraindications for other contraceptives.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines consider SARS-CoV-2 reinfection when sequential COVID-19 episodes occur >90 days apart. However, genomic diversity acquired over recent COVID-19 ...waves could mean previous infection provides insufficient cross-protection. We used genomic analysis to assess the percentage of early reinfections in a sample of 26 patients with 2 COVID-19 episodes separated by 20-45 days. Among sampled patients, 11 (42%) had reinfections involving different SARS-CoV-2 variants or subvariants. Another 4 cases were probable reinfections; 3 involved different strains from the same lineage or sublineage. Host genomic analysis confirmed the 2 sequential specimens belonged to the same patient. Among all reinfections, 36.4% involved non-Omicron, then Omicron lineages. Early reinfections showed no specific clinical patterns; 45% were among unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated persons, 27% were among persons <18 years of age, and 64% of patients had no risk factors. Time between sequential positive SARS-CoV-2 PCRs to consider reinfection should be re-evaluated.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Plasmatic uric acid (UA) has been inconsistently associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Specific sight-threatening stages of DR have not been studied for their association with UA. ...Cross-sectional, comparative study. Between 2014 and 2018 we recruited 210 Mexican individuals > 18 years-old with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Clinical, ophthalmological and biochemical assessment was performed with standardized funduscopic examination. Certified readers classified DR stages. The association between DR and UA was assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis, calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI, after adjustment for covariates. Two hundred and ten patients were included, 41 (19.5%) had referable DR. Subjects with referable (severe or worse) DR had longer diabetes duration, 22 (15–28) vs 15 (8–20) years ( P < 0.01); higher levels of UA, 6.5 (5.8–8.1) vs 5.4 (4.5–6.6) mg/dL ( P < 0.01); higher systolic blood pressure, 130 (120–140) vs 120 (110–130) mmHg ( P < 0.01); higher diastolic blood pressure, 78.4 ± 9.7 vs 75.4 ± 9.2 mmHg ( P = 0.03); and lower glomerular filtration rate , 54.1 (41.5–69.6) vs 87.3 (66.8–108.3) mL/min/1.73m 2 ( P < 0.01) compared with those without referable DR. With multiple logistic regression, after adjustment, per each unit of change (mg/dL) in UA the probability of having referable DR increased 45% (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.12–1.87, P < 0.01). When UA was evaluated as dichotomous variable, those with levels ≥ 7.8 mg/dL had almost two times (OR = 2.81, 95% CI 1.00–7.9., P = 0.049) the probability of having referable DR compared with those with levels < 7.8 mg/dL. UA may contribute to the microvascular damage in retinal vessels and therefore hyperuricemia could be a therapeutic target to prevent DR progression.
SARS-CoV-2 recombinants involving the divergent Delta and Omicron lineages have been described, and one of them, "Kraken" (XBB.1.5), has recently been a matter of concern. Recombination requires the ...coexistence of two SARS-CoV-2 strains in the same individual. Only a limited number of studies have focused on the identification of co-infections and are restricted to co-infections involving the Delta/Omicron lineages.
We performed a systematic identification of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections throughout the pandemic (7609 different patients sequenced), not biassed towards the involvement of highly divergent lineages. Through a comprehensive set of validations based on the distribution of allelic frequencies, phylogenetic consistency, re-sequencing, host genetic analysis and contextual epidemiological analysis, these co-infections were robustly assigned.
Fourteen (0.18%) co-infections with ≥ 8 heterozygous calls (8-85 HZs) were identified. Co-infections were identified throughout the pandemic and involved an equal proportion of strains from different lineages/sublineages (including pre-Alpha variants, Delta and Omicron) or strains from the same lineage. Co-infected cases were mainly unvaccinated, with mild or asymptomatic clinical presentation, and most were at risk of overexposure associated with the healthcare environment. Strain segregation enabled integration of sequences to clarify nosocomial outbreaks where analysis had been impaired due to co-infection.
Co-infection cases were identified throughout the pandemic, not just in the time periods when highly divergent lineages were co-circulating. Co-infections involving different lineages or strains from the same lineage were occurring in the same proportion. Most cases were mild, did not require medical assistance and were not vaccinated, and a large proportion were associated with the hospital environment.
GEIDIS is a national-based research-net registry of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) from public and private Spanish hospitals. It was created to provide data on the clinical ...characterization and follow-up of infants with BPD until adulthood. The purpose of this observational study was to analyze the characteristics and the impact of perinatal risk factors on BPD severity. The study included 1755 preterm patients diagnosed with BPD. Of the total sample, 90.6% (
n
= 1591) were less than 30 weeks of gestation. The median gestational age was 27.1 weeks (25.8–28.5) and median birth weight 885 g (740–1,070 g). A total of 52.5% (
n
= 922) were classified as mild (type 1), 25.3% (
n
= 444) were moderate (type 2), and 22.2% (
n
= 389) were severe BPD (type 3). In patients born at under 30 weeks’ gestation, most pre-and postnatal risk factors for type 2/3 BPD were associated with the length of exposure to mechanical ventilation (MV). Independent prenatal risk factors were male gender, oligohydramnios, and intrauterine growth restriction. Postnatal risk factors included the need for FiO
2
of > 0.30 in the delivery room, nosocomial pneumonia, and the length of exposure to MV.
Conclusion
: In this national-based research-net registry of BPD patients, the length of MV is the most important risk factor associated with type 2/3 BPD. Among type 3 BPD patients, those who required an FiO
2
> .30 at 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age had a higher morbidity, during hospitalization and at discharge, compared to those with nasal positive pressure but FiO
2
< .30.
What is Known:
• BPD is a highly complex multifactorial disease associated with preterm birth.
What is New:
• The length of exposure to mechanical ventilation is the most important postnatal risk factor associated to bronchopulmonary severity which modulate the effect of most pre and postnatal risk factors.
• Among patients with BPD, the requirement for FiO2 >.30% at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age is associated with greater morbidity during hospitalization and at discharge.
Patients with pneumonia treated in the internal medicine department (IMD) are often at risk of healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP). The importance of HCAP is controversial. We invited physicians ...from 72 IMDs to report on all patients with pneumonia hospitalized in their department during 2 weeks (one each in January and June 2010) to compare HCAP with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). We analysed 1002 episodes of pneumonia: 58.9% were CAP, 30.6% were HCAP and 10.4% were HAP. A comparison between CAP, HCAP and HAP showed that HCAP patients were older (77, 83 and 80.5 years; p < 0.001), had poorer functional status (Barthel 100, 30 and 65; p < 0.001) and had more risk factors for aspiration pneumonia (18, 50 and 34%; p < 0.001). The frequency of testing to establish an aetiological diagnosis was lower among HCAP patients (87, 72 and 79; p < 0.001), as was adherence to the therapeutic recommendations of guidelines (70, 23 and 56%; p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality increased progressively between CAP, HCAP and HAP (8, 19 and 27%; p < 0.001). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the main pathogen in CAP and HCAP. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) caused 17 and 12.3% of HCAP. In patients with a confirmed aetiological diagnosis, the independent risk factors for pneumonia due do difficult-to-treat microorganisms (Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa or MRSA) were HCAP, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and higher Port Severity Index. Our data confirm the importance of maintaining high awareness of HCAP among patients treated in IMDs, because of the different aetiologies, therapy requirements and prognosis of this population.
To evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive care program to achieve and maintain goals in patients with type 2 diabetes.
The CAIPaDi program includes 9 interventions delivered in 7 h. It seeks ...to achieve metabolic goals, identify and resolve barriers that would make implementation difficult, and provide self-efficacy and empowerment to patients by identifying personal profiles to establish individualized strategies. The program consists of a 4 intervention visits (1, 2, 3, and 4 months) and two follow up visits (12 and 24 months). Outcomes are compared between every visit. Main outcome was the attainment of the USA National Committee for Quality Assurance treatment goals.
1104 patients completed the first 4 visits, 545 the 12 month evaluation, and 218 the 24 month evaluation. After the conclusion of the four monthly sessions, 80.6% had HbA1c <7%, 72.1% had BP <130/80 mmHg and 71.6% had LDL- cholesterol <100 mg/dl. After twelve months, the percentage of goals achieved were 65.9%, 67.7% and 43.3% respectively (p < 0.001). For the 2-year evaluation the percentages were 61.0%, 70.6%, and 40.8% respectively (p < 0.001). All patients had renal, eye, foot and dental evaluations. Empowerment and quality of life showed significant changes; anxiety and depression scores remained low at annual follow-ups.
The CAIPaDI program results in sustained improvement and maintenance of treatment goals.
The importance of artificial nutritional therapy is underrecognized, typically being considered an adjunctive rather than a primary therapy. We aimed to evaluate the influence of nutritional therapy ...on mortality in critically ill patients.
This multicenter prospective observational study included adult patients needing artificial nutritional therapy for >48 h if they stayed in one of 38 participating intensive care units for ≥72 h between April and July 2018. Demographic data, comorbidities, diagnoses, nutritional status and therapy (type and details for ≤14 days), and outcomes were registered in a database. Confounders such as disease severity, patient type (e.g., medical, surgical or trauma), and type and duration of nutritional therapy were also included in a multivariate analysis, and hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were reported.
We included 639 patients among whom 448 (70.1%) and 191 (29.9%) received enteral and parenteral nutrition, respectively. Mortality was 25.6%, with non-survivors having the following characteristics: older age; more comorbidities; higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores (6.6 ± 3.3 vs 8.4 ± 3.7; P < 0.001); greater nutritional risk (Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill NUTRIC score: 3.8 ± 2.1 vs 5.2 ± 1.7; P < 0.001); more vasopressor requirements (70.4% vs 83.5%; P=0.001); and more renal replacement therapy (12.2% vs 23.2%; P=0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that older age (HR: 1.023; 95% CI: 1.008–1.038; P=0.003), higher SOFA score (HR: 1.096; 95% CI: 1.036–1.160; P=0.001), higher NUTRIC score (HR: 1.136; 95% CI: 1.025–1.259; P=0.015), requiring parenteral nutrition after starting enteral nutrition (HR: 2.368; 95% CI: 1.168–4.798; P=0.017), and a higher mean Kcal/Kg/day intake (HR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.015–1.101; P=0.008) were associated with mortality. By contrast, a higher mean protein intake protected against mortality (HR: 0.507; 95% CI: 0.263–0.977; P=0.042).
Old age, higher organ failure scores, and greater nutritional risk appear to be associated with higher mortality. Patients who need parenteral nutrition after starting enteral nutrition may represent a high-risk subgroup for mortality due to illness severity and problems receiving appropriate nutritional therapy. Mean calorie and protein delivery also appeared to influence outcomes.
ClinicaTrials.gov NCT: 03634943.
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