Purpose
The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is widely spreading all over the world, causing mental health problems for most people. The medical staff is also under considerable psychological ...pressure. This study aimed to review all research carried out on the mental health status of health care workers (HCWs) to bring policymakers and managers’ attention.
Methods
A literature search conducted through e-databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS) from December 2019 up to April 12th 2020. All cross- sectional studies published in English which assessed the health workers’ psychological well-being during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic included. Study quality was analyzed using NHLBI Study Quality assessment tools.
Results
One hundred relevant articles were identified through systematic search; of which eleven studies were eligible for this review. Their quality score was acceptable. The lowest reported prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among HCWs was 24.1%, 12.1%, and 29.8%, respectively. In addition, the highest reported values for the aforementioned parameters were 67.55%, 55.89%, and 62.99%, respectively. Nurses, female workers, front-line health care workers, younger medical staff, and workers in areas with higher infection rates reported more severe degrees of all psychological symptoms than other health care workers. Moreover, vicarious traumatization in non-front-line nurses and the general public was higher than that of the front-line nurses.
Conclusion
During SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the health care workers face aggravated psychological pressure and even mental illness. It would be recommended to the policymakers and managers to adopt the supportive, encouragement & motivational, protective, and training & educational interventions, especially through information and communication platform.
Exposure to extreme climate events causes population displacement and adversely affects the health of mothers and children in multiple ways. This paper investigates the effects of displacement on ...whether a child is delivered at a health center, as opposed to at home, and on postnatal care service utilization in Bangladesh. Using cross-sectional survey data from 599 mothers who gave birth in the three years prior to the date of interview, including 278 from households which had previously been displaced and 231 from households which had not been displaced, we use multivariate logistic regression to identify the factors associated with maternal healthcare service utilization. The results show that displaced households' mothers are only about a quarter as likely to deliver at a health center as mothers from non-displaced households. The use of health center-based delivery decreases as the numbers of past displacements increases. Higher number of previous children, lower use of antenatal care during pregnancy, lower household income, and lack of access to radio/television also significantly reduce a mother's likelihood of delivery at a health center. Displaced mothers are also substantially less likely to use postnatal care services for their neonates, especially those supplied by trained providers. Use of health facilities for delivery, use of antenatal care services, and previous number of children are other important predictors of postnatal care service utilization for neonates. In light of these findings, relocation of local health facilities with basic and emergency care provisions to areas in which the displaced have resettled, reinforcement of Family Planning services, and extension of coverage of the Maternity Allowance benefits in the displacement-prone mainland riverine areas are recommended policy responses.
•Climate-related displacement reduces mother's delivery and PNC service utilization.•The displaced are more likely to have a home delivery than the non-displaced.•Trained health provider use for PNC is considerably lower among the displaced.•Displacement-related disadvantages limit mother's use of health facilities.•The displacement-prone areas lack quality health providers for delivery and PNC.
This article identifies spatial dimensions of educational outcomes using maps of the 2016 Grade 5 reading results for Australia's National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy for all Australian ...schools. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to overlay schools' results onto suburbs' advantage or disadvantage to visualise spatial patterns. We then examined the extent to which school results “cluster” in socio‐economically advantaged and disadvantaged suburbs and considered the consistency of spatial patterns for results across major cities. That work illustrates both how GIS can foreground educational inequality and how “the spatial” is more than corollary for student socio‐economic status. Results show substantial differences between urban and remote areas and towns of different size. Maps of cities visualise spatial “clustering” patterns of school results, with most schools in advantaged suburbs having high results and almost no schools in disadvantaged suburbs having high results. Educational outcomes strongly align to local socio‐demographic characteristics, and parallel host communities’ levels of advantage or disadvantage. Differences between public and private schools are less significant than within‐sector differences for schools in advantaged or disadvantaged locales. Patterns in all cities are consistent—schools in advantaged suburbs predominantly have high results, whereas non‐government schools generally perform better than government schools in disadvantaged suburbs. Most concerning is the persistent and increasing trajectory of results in advantaged, and more so in disadvantaged suburbs, of all cities since the first National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy in 2008. Ameliorating spatial inequality between primary schools is one of the greatest challenges for Australians.
The emergence and fast spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) threatens the world as a new public health crisis. This study aimed to clarify the impact of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) ...on pregnant patients and maternal and neonatal outcomes.
A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, and Science Direct. All studies including original data; case reports, case series, descriptive and observational studies, and randomized controlled trials were searched from December 2019 until 19 March 2020.
The search identified 1472 results and 939 abstracts were screened. 928 articles were excluded because studies did not include pregnant women. Full texts of eleven relevant studies were reviewed and finally nine studies were included in this study. The characteristics of 89 pregnant women and their neonates were studied. Results revealed that low-grade fever and cough were the principal symptoms in all patients. The main reported laboratory findings were lymphopenia, elevated C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Amino alanine transferase (ALT), and Aspartate amino transferase (AST). In all symptomatic cases, chest Computerized Tomography (CT) scans were abnormal. Fetal distress, premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor were the main prenatal complications. Two women needed intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation, one of whom developed multi-organ dysfunction and was on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). No case of maternal death was reported up to the time the studies were published. 79 mothers delivered their babies by cesarean section and five women had a vaginal delivery. No fetal infection through intrauterine vertical transmission was reported.
Available data showed that pregnant patients in late pregnancy had clinical manifestations similar to non-pregnant adults. It appears that the risk of fetal distress, preterm delivery and prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) rises with the onset of COVID-19 in the third trimester of pregnancy. There is also no evidence of intrauterine and transplacental transmission of COVID-19 to the fetus in the third trimester of pregnancies.
Limited data is available on the full spectrum of maternal COVID-19 infection in terms of pregnancy outcomes. The present study aimed to compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19 in ...infected and non-infected pregnant women.
A dual-site retrospective cohort study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. The sample included 104 infected and 210 non-infected hospitalized pregnant women. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using multivariate logistic regression.
There were significant differences between COVID-19-infected and non-infected pregnant women regarding preterm labor (PTL) (odds ratio OR: 11.34, 95% confidence interval CI: 1.19-48.54,
=0.035); hospitalization days (OR: 7.21, 95% CI: 4.05-12.85,
≤0.001); cesarean section (CS) (OR: 4.76, 95% CI: 1.78-12.45,
=0.002); neonatal admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.12-1.67,
=0.004); and neonatal respiratory distress (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.02- 5.47,
=0.044). No significant association was found between COVID-19 infection and abortion (OR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-1.45,
=0.084); stillbirth (OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 0.05-39.68,
=0.743); Apgar score (1 minute) (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.74-1.13,
=0.382); Apgar score (5 minutes) (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.81-1.18,
=0.765); and low birth weight (LBW) (OR: 4.76, 95% CI: 1.78-12.45,
=0.002).
PTL, CS, neonatal admission in NICU, neonatal respiratory distress, and hospitalization days were significantly higher in pregnant women with COVID-19 compared to those without infection.
This paper examines the experiences of people displaced internally by climate-related factors in mainland Bangladesh, one of the world's most climate-vulnerable countries. The data derives from a ...representative survey of 1,200 households drawn equally from displacement-susceptible areas and areas without climate-related displacement. Comparisons are drawn on the basis of four variables: the displaced versus the non-displaced; before displacement versus after displacement; people displaced suddenly versus those displaced gradually; and the frequency of past displacement. The displaced experience multiple disadvantages, including reduced land ownership and reduced access to electricity, sanitary toilets and healthcare services. The disadvantage is greater following sudden displacement and among those who have been displaced multiple times. The impact on the time and cost of accessing healthcare are greater after displacement. The disadvantage of the displaced, thus, is a function of interactions between exposure to natural disaster, impoverishment and lack of access to health services.
Introduction/Main Objectives: Digitization in the Indonesian National Shipping Company requires employee creativity so it is necessary to know the extent of the role of transformational leadership. ...The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of transformational leadership on employee creativity at the Indonesian National Shipping Company. Background Problems: The demand for employee creativity is very high at this company engaged in ship transportation services because the use of technology and digitalization in the workplace environment is increasing to minimize physical contact when carrying out task activities. Therefore, the role of transformational leadership is needed in increasing employee creativity to generate innovative ideas and work behavior. Novelty: Compared to previous studies, this study also examining perceived organizational support as a mediating variable of the effect of transformational leadership on employee creativity. Research Methods: The data used in this study are primary data. 200 respondents were obtained from Indonesian National Shipping Company who became the sample. Analysis of the data used to test the hypothesis is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Finding/Results: Transformational leadership affects employee creativity and the effect of transformational leadership on employee creativity can be mediated by perceived organizational support. In addition, the higher the employee's perception of perceived organizational support, the stronger the effect of transformational leadership on employee creativity. Conclusion: Leaders who motivate, inspire, have quirky ideas, are willing to listen, and leaders who encourage employees to develop can increase employee creativity. The more leaders care about employees' opinions, leaders care about employee welfare, leaders are consistent with procedural justice, and fairness according to employee performance, the perceived organizational support will improve which will then strengthen the effect of transformational leadership on employee creativity.
There is a considerable dearth of official metrics for women empowerment, which is pivotal to observe universal progress towards Sustainable Development Goals 5, targeting "achieve gender equality ...and empower all women and girls." This study aimed to introduce, critically appraise, and summarize the measurement properties of women empowerment scales in sexual and reproductive health.
A comprehensive systematic literature search through several international electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, and Science Direct was performed on September 2020, without a time limit. All studies aimed to develop and validate a measurement of women empowerment in sexual and reproductive health were included. The quality assessment was performed through a rating scale addressing the six criteria, including: a priori explicit theoretical framework, evaluating content validity, internal consistency, and factor analysis to assess structural validity.
Of 5234 identified studies, fifteen were included. The majority of the studies were conducted in the United States. All studies but one used a standardized measure. Total items of each scale ranged from 8 to 23. The most common domains investigated were decision-making, freedom of coercion, and communication with the partner. Four studies did not use any conceptual framework. The individual agency followed by immediate relational agency were the main focus of included studies. Of the included studies, seven applied either literature review, expert panels, or empirical methods to develop the item pool. Cronbach's alpha coefficient reported in nine studies ranged from α = 0.56 to 0.87. Most of the studies but three lack reporting test-retest reliability ranging r = 0.69-0.87. Nine studies proved content validity. Six criteria were applied to scoring the scales, by which nine of fifteen articles were rated as medium quality, two rated as poor quality, and four rated as high quality.
Most scales assessed various types of validity and Internal consistency for the reliability. Applying a theoretical framework, more rigorous validation of scales, and assessing the various dimensions of women empowerment in diverse contexts and different levels, namely structural agency, are needed to develop effective and representing scales.
Almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia, have been affected by the spread of COVID-19. As a response, several efforts and solutions have been implemented to avoid the negative impacts ...of this pandemic. In the context of Indonesia, for example, these include short-term solutions by limiting social contacts and human mobility with national or regional lockdowns. The solutions are surely not an easy way to be implemented in this archipelagic country that has many islands. The initial spread of COVID-19 back in March 2020 had stopped many economic activities in many Indonesian regions, especially in the urban areas. At the end of 2020, when the population mobility was started to be lifted, the spread of Covid-19 became increasingly out of control. Therefore, large-scale social restrictions have once again been implemented, especially in the most populated islands of Java and Bali. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between short-term solutions, human mobility and the spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia. The analyses use data on the trends of Covid-19 cases and human mobility that have been collected by the National Statistical Office (BPS) and the National Task Force (Satuan Tugas/Satgas) on handling Covid-19. The results found that there are strong relationships between human mobility and the increase of Covid-19 cases. Strong enforcement of public policy on how health protocol must be adhering in practices has given a remarkable impact on transmitted diseases on transportation.
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