Droughts are second to hurricanes the world’s most costly weather events. Damage caused by droughts in certain countries is measured in tens of billions of dollars per year. Timely detection of ...drought and prediction of its occurrence has the potential to reduce costs and save a large number of people from its consequences. Numerous methods that serve this purpose exist in scientific research and practice. One group of drought monitoring methods belongs to the field of remote sensing, where it is possible to monitor drought indicators over large areas in almost real-time through satellite images. This paper is focused on the optical indices of remote sensing calculated by raster algebra. The intention was to reach conclusions about the quality of individual indices used for the Canton Sarajevo area in Bosnia and Herzegovina for each month of August in the period 2008–2021 through correlational and qualitative analysis and the use of meteorological indicators. Among the used indices, NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and NMI (normalized moisture index) proved to be the most reliable, and their mutual correlation was very strong (
r
= 0.99).
Illegal waste dumping has been widely regarded as one of the biggest source of environmental damage. Illegal landfills are a prevailing problem existing in a large number of countries. To control and ...better manage illegal landfills, it is necessary to know the current locations and contents of illegal landfills. This could increase efficiency in illegal landfill management and preserve the biodiversity and ecological balance. Remote sensing methods have been proven extremely effective in detecting potential illegal landfill sites. This paper investigates the relationship between the segmentation scale parameter and the detection accuracy of illegal landfill sites in urban areas that are not covered by vegetation or buried in the ground. The research showed that there is an optimal scale parameter (SP = 20) value for the used satellite image Pléiades 1B and area of interest (Novo Sarajevo municipality). The scale parameter's stated value gives maximum Kappa values and Overall accuracy coefficients for detected illegal landfills on the satellite image.
•Illegal landfills are a big problem for environment and human health.•Remote sensing techniques are very effective for identifying illegal landfills.•There is an optimal value of the image segmentation scale parameter (SP).•For accurate results high-resolution satellite images are necessary.
Laser scanning does not provide unlimited geometrical accuracy and integrity when scanning complex objects. Scanning systems have a minimum and maximum range in which they operate, depending on the ...technical characteristics. Scanning below or above these limits results in gross errors and registering of incorrect data. Laser scanners can have difficulties with certain materials such as marble and reflective surfaces. This paper presents the results of laser scanning of a complex monument of cultural and historical heritage using two different types of terrestrial laser scanners. Afterwards, the comparison and analysis of the results are shown. The scanners used were terrestrial laser scanners Faro Focus 3D (phase mode distance measurements) and STONEX X300 (pulse mode distance measurements).
Cadastral data can be used for different purposes because it represents important data created in different time periods. Analog cadastral maps like parts of the cadastral register offer graphical ...data about the locations of the watermills. On the cadastral maps are written a year of the creation of the graphic representation. The year of creation of the plan and the black color of the symbol of the watermill means that it was built before of survey. In the paper, the depictions of watermills in the settlements of Kasapovići and Isakovići in the municipality of Novi Travnik on the cadastral maps of the old and new survey and some historical data were analyzed. Some of the watermills existed on the terrain, but they were not registered in the cadastral register. The locations where watermills exist and where existed were explored. Additional information about watermills collected on the terrain as well as from individual residents of the mentioned settlements was given.
Real estate data have various applicationis in society, and they are collected during the geodetic survey. The survey involves a comprehensive process of collecting graphical and descriptive data ...about real estate. The first survey of the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was carried out by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. It was made after the Berlin Congress, which was a big turning point in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The survey began in 1880 and ended in 1884. Thus, geodesy gained a significant place in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The survey was carried out according to the Instruction for Cadastral Survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina issued in 1880 by the Military Geographical Institute in Vienna (German: Militärgeographischen Institut Wien - MGI), and today it is called the old survey. During the survey, numerous data on cadastral parcels were collected: their spatial position, name, land use, possessor or owner, etc. The data were, in accordance with the laws and bylaws in force during the Austro-Hungarian occupation, processed and put into use as the official results of the survey. The results of this survey are cadastral plans, cadastral register as well as land property register. It is important to emphasize that the results of the first systematic survey of the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina are significant historical sources today. They can be used as historical sources, not only for analyzing the history of the geodetic profession, but also as sources for a detailed analysis of many events in Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the end of the Second World War, a new survey began on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. During this survey, the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was not surveyed. The results of this survey are cadastral plans, cadastral register of the land cadaster and cadastral register of the cadaster of real estate. Nowadays, the data of the new survey are becoming the data of the land property register. The comprehensiveness of the surveys is reflected in the collection of geodetic data about cemeteries. Subsequently, the survey data have a historical character and historical cartography occupies an important place among historical sources. During the survey of the area of Lupac and Preočica, data were collected on the cemeteries located within these settlements. The collected data were processed and entered into registers established after the completion of the survey. During the preparation of cadastral plans of the old and new survey, their topography is prescribed, ie the planned topographic map symbols are drawn. The plans of the old survey were topographed in accordance with the Instruction for Cadastral Survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which contains a template - a catalog of topographic symbols. The plans of the new survey were topographed according to the topographic key - the collection of topographic symbols. Topographic symbols on cadastral plans were used to analyze the depiction of the cemetery in this paper. Cadastral plans of the old and new surveys were used to analyze the spatial position of the cemetery. Data from the cadastral record were used to analyze the state of possessory of the analyzed cemeteries, and data from the land property register were used to analyze the ownership of the surveyed cemeteries. The previously mentioned data were studied in the paper in order to analyze the positions, topography as well as cadastral and land registry data of the Lupac and Preočica cemeteries, located in the Vitez municipality. The existence of a cemetery on the ground is completely defined by the existence of gravestones. Most of the analyzed cemeteries are Muslim, and various Muslim tombstones - nišan - were observed during field research. In order to complete the research, a sample of a certain number of muslim gravestones were analyzed. Muslim gravestones were created in different time periods, so they are characterized by several different features. The analysis of the muslim gravestones was primarily reflected in the analysis of epigraphy.
AbstractSatellite positioning methods global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning are used for various applications, which is especially true in the case of the real-time kinematic (RTK) ...method. This method provides real-time differential data for surveyors to achieve reliable positioning accuracy. In this paper, theoretical foundations for testing the GNSS receivers according to ISO 17123-8 standard are introduced. Using this standard, the positioning performance of a geodetic GNSS receiver Trimble R8s was evaluated using Bosnian Active GNSS Network Bosnia and Herzegovina positioning service (BIHPOS) and a conventional base-rover RTK solution. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the ranging pole support and the quality of the RTK position solution. Besides that, results from RTK positioning using a single base station versus a network of base stations are also compared. Several comprehensive tests were conducted, which involved the most common field procedures where the pole is hand-held by the surveyor and positioned vertically using a circular bubble, whereas in other experiments, a bipod was attached to the range pole, and the GNSS instrument was mounted directly to a tripod via optical plummet-equipped tribrach. The precision, absolute accuracy, and relative accuracy of positioning solutions obtained from these experiments were compared and discussed. The results indicate that regardless of how the RTK range pole was supported, the effect of rover pole holding is within the error of satellite surveys. Furthermore, it was confirmed that using a bipod or a steady hand can produce as accurate RTK results as a tripod.
The article explores the methods and potential applications of terrestrial laser scanning technology. It also presents the preliminary results of scanning the Bijambare cave, where a georeferenced ...three-dimensional model of the cave's interior was created. This model, based on available data, stands as the first accurate 3D representation of a speleological object in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first section of the paper provides a brief overview of the Bijambare cave area and the laser scanning technology employed, highlighting its advantages over other geodetic measurement techniques. Subsequently, the text delves into the stages of the measurement processing, followed by an examination of the various products generated. The practical significance of these products is illustrated using the example of the Bijambare cave.
This study evaluates the applicability of different models of coordinate transformation between local and global geodetic datums. The results indicate the grid-based method as the best solution, ...assuming a sufficient density of tie points. Transformation based on a limited number of tie points, which do not reflect the real state of the survey basis in a particular area, have limited possibilities to reduce nonuniform and unequally distributed distortions that are usually found in the spatial data. This inevitably leads to the degradation of accuracy of transformation results, which is unacceptable. By using the optimal resolution grid model, which includes geodetic points from the area of the cadastral municipality that is being transformed, much better results are achieved compared to the model of distortion shifts used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2020 ABSTRACT Although they have long been regarded as obsolete, classical electronic theodolites, which are made as standalone anglemeasuring instruments, are still being produced and widely used ...throughout the world. A detailed analysis of the theodolite 's purpose, accuracy, construction, capabilities and functionality has resulted in the determination of three main groups of these instruments; a brief description of each category is provided. KEY WORDS electronic theodolite, development, classification, survey technology 1 UVOD V šestdesetih letih 20. stoletja so bili v tedanji Zahodni Nemčiji uspešno skonstruirani prvi instrumenti z elektronskim sistemom za čitanje in registracijo kotnih vrednosti na steklenih limbih teodolitov (Zwickert, 1964; Zetche, 1968). Čeprav so tovarne Fennel, Breithaupt, W. & L. E. Gurley in MOM opustile nadaljnji razvoj in proizvodnjo elektronskih teodolitov, lahko rečemo, da programi razvoja njihovih elektronskih teodolitov niso bili zaman in so opravili svoje poslanstvo.
The positioning of an object in space, i.e. "transfer" of data from the design to the field is an extremely significant and important geodetic operation. This activity requires great and ...well-deserved attention, especially when it comes to sensitive structures such as bridges. The position of a stakeout point in the field depends on a variety of different influences, all determining the actual accuracy of the stakeout. The aim of this Article is to investigate the dependency of horizontal setting out of the bridge axis accuracy (abutments and piers of the bridge) from the distance between the station and the setout point, the datum of the geodetic control network, and the precision of angular and linear measurements. The authors use an innovative visualization technique for the assessment of spatial variation of the horizontal stakeout by error ellipses.
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