Polymorphic microsatellite repeats in the promoter region of estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESRalpha and the intron 6 region of estrogen receptor beta gene (ESRbeta) have been reported in human ...populations. To examine the evolutional state of both repeats, we surveyed the corresponding regions in DNA sequences from the following great apes and gibbons: 56 chimpanzees, 3 bonobos, 16 gorillas, 20 orangutans and 60 gibbons (four species: 17 of Hylobates agilis, 11 of H. lar, 15 of H. muelleri, and 17 of H. syndactylus). In the corresponding region of the TA repeat of human ESRalpha, chimpanzees and bonobos had two motifs in the repeat tract, (TA)(7-9) and (CA)(4-6). Gorillas had the (TA)(9-10) repeat tracts and orangutans had monomorphic (TA)(7) repeats. Although all great apes maintained the TA expansion, all gibbon sequences contained (TA)(2), implying that the CA dinucleotide expansion arose in the ancestor of chimpanzees and bonobos. The nucleotide sequences of ESRbeta showed a very complex repeat pattern in apes. The human sequences had a non-variable preceding sequence at (CA)(n), (GA)(2)(TA)(8)(CA)(4)(TA). In apes that region included {(TA)(n)(CA)(n)}(n). Gibbon sequences included (TATG)(n) and (TATC)(n) and no regular construction was observed. A deletion event in the reverse primer site seems to have occurred in the orangutan lineage. In addition, a great diversity of allele length was detected in each gibbon species.
Cerebrovascular diseases are one of the three major mortalities in Japan, such as the rupture of cerebral aneurysm and cerebral infarction caused by carotid stenosis. The growth mechanism of the ...cerebral aneurysm and carotid stenosis has not been clearly understood. In this research, we are introducing a numerical simulation tool; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique, to simulate and predict the hemodynamics of blood passing through the cerebral aneurysms and stenosed carotid arteries. The results of a ruptured and an unruptured cerebral aneurysm were compared. Energy losses were calculated in ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms, the results were 167 Pa and 6.3 Pa respectively. The results also indicated that the blood flows took longer residence inside of bleb of the ruptured aneurysm. The maximum wall shear stress was observed at 70% stenosis from the simulation results of stenosed carotid bifurcation. The result qualitatively agrees with classical treatments in carotid bifurcation therapy.
近年,数値流体解析(CFD)技術はさまざまな分野で応用され,医学の分野において,多くの論文で数値流体解析の結果が報告されている.現在,脳動脈瘤の発生,増大および破裂のメカニズムは十分に理解されていない.それに対し,CFDを用いてそれらに関わる流体力学的パラメーター(wall shear stress : WSS, shear strain rate : SSR, oscillatory ...shear index : OSI, energy loss : EL, pressure loss coefficient : PLC)を検討した論文が数多く存在し,中でもWSSが注目されているが,相反する両論が存在している状況である.本論文では,そのパラメーターをいくつか紹介し,われわれのCFD解析結果の報告に加え,われわれの結果と最近の他の論文の結果を比較する.
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