Obesity is a growing public health concern in Canada. Excess weight is particularly a concern among youth given that obesity in youth predicts obesity in adulthood. Eating behaviors, both inside and ...outside the home have been associated with increased risk of obesity; however, there is little data among Canadian youth to monitor trends.
The School Health Action, Planning and Evaluation Surveys (SHAPES) were administered in schools. Our study examined 20, 923 students (grades 5-12) from four regions in Canada. The regions were Hamilton and Thunder Bay (both in Ontario), the Province of Prince Edward Island, and the Province of Quebec.
Consuming breakfast daily was reported by 70% of grade 5-8 students, and 51% of grade 9-12's. Among students in grade 9-12, 52% reported eating with family members daily, compared with 68% in grade 5-8. Just over half of students in grade 5-8, and 70% in grade 9-12 reported eating at a fast-food place once a week or more. Among grade 5-8 students 68% reported eating in front of the television at least once per week, compared to 76% in grade 9-12. Obese students were more likely to watch TV while eating, and less likely to eat with a family member and eat breakfast.
The findings suggest that only a modest proportion of youth report dietary patterns that have previously been associated with healthy eating and reduced risk of obesity. Later adolescence may be a critical time for intervention in health-related behaviors.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of a province-wide physical education (PE) policy on secondary school students' moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA).
Policy: In fall 2008, ...Manitoba expanded a policy requiring a PE credit for students in grades 11 and 12 for the first time in Canada. The PE curriculum requires grades 11 and 12 students to complete a minimum of 55 h (50% of course hours) of MVPA (e.g., ≥30 min/day of MVPA on ≥5 days a week) during a 5-month semester to achieve the course credit.
A natural experimental study was designed using two sub-studies: 1) quasi-experimental controlled pre-post analysis of self-reported MVPA data obtained from census data in intervention and comparison Prince Edward Island (PEI) provinces in 2008 (n = 33,619 in Manitoba and n = 2258 in PEI) and 2012 (n = 41,169 in Manitoba and n = 4942 in PEI); and, 2) annual objectively measured MVPA in cohorts of secondary students in intervention (n = 447) and comparison (Alberta; n = 224) provinces over 4 years (2008 to 2012).
In Study 1, two logistic regressions were conducted to model the odds that students accumulated: i) ≥30 min/day of MVPA, and ii) met Canada's national recommendation of ≥60 min/day of MVPA, in Manitoba versus PEI after adjusting for grade, sex, and BMI. In Study 2, a mixed effects model was used to assess students' minutes of MVPA per day per semester in Manitoba and Alberta, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, school location and school SES.
In Study 1, no significant differences were observed in students achieving ≥30 (OR:1.13, 95% CI:0.92, 1.39) or ≥60 min/day of MVPA (OR:0.92, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.07) from baseline to follow-up between Manitoba and PEI. In Study 2, no significant policy effect on students' MVPA trajectories from baseline to last follow-up were observed between Manitoba and Alberta overall (-1.52, 95% CI:-3.47, 0.42), or by covariates.
The Manitoba policy mandating PE in grades 11 and 12 had no effect on student MVPA overall or by key student or school characteristics. However, the effect of the PE policy may be underestimated due to the use of a nonrandomized research design and lack of data assessing the extent of policy implementation across schools. Nevertheless, findings can provide evidence about policy features that may improve the PE policy in Manitoba and inform future PE policies in other jurisdictions.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND
As youth struggle with anxiety and depression, promoting positive mental fitness is a primary concern. Canadian school‐based mental health programs that focus on positive ...psychology and positive mental health initiatives emphasize safe and supportive environments, student engagement, resilience, and self‐determination. This study examined predictors of mental fitness and its 3 components (autonomy, competence, and relatedness).
METHODS
School Health Action Planning and Evaluation System‐Prince Edward Island (SHAPES‐PEI) and the New Brunswick Student Wellness Survey (NB SWS) are data collection and feedback systems that survey youth about 4 health behaviors. Grade 7‐12 students in Prince Edward Island (N = 3318) and New Brunswick (N = 7314) completed a mental fitness questionnaire in 2008‐2009 (PEI) and 2006‐2007 (NB). Four linear regression models were conducted to examine student characteristics associated with mental fitness, autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
RESULTS
Positive associations were found between school connectedness (p < .0001) and mental fitness, as well as autonomy, competence, and relatedness. There were also significant relationships between affect, pro‐social and antisocial behaviors, tried smoking, and mental fitness.
CONCLUSION
A better understanding of adolescent health and its predictors is needed. By identifying core parameters for mental fitness, we can inform how to address students' needs through appropriate programs and policies supporting healthy school environments.
Abstract Purpose To examine how school-based smoking policies and prevention programs are associated with occasional and regular smoking among a cohort of grade 12 students in Prince Edward Island, ...Canada, between 1999 and 2001. Methods Data from the Tobacco Module of the School Health Action, Planning and Evaluation System (SHAPES) collected from 3,965 grade 12 students in 10 high schools were examined using multi-level regression analysis. Results Attending a school with smoking prevention programming was associated with a decreased risk of being an occasional smoker (OR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.97). School-based policies banning smoking on school property were associated with a small increased risk of occasional smoking (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.68) among some students. The combination of both policies and programs was not associated with either occasional or regular smoking. Conclusion This preliminary evidence suggests that tailored school-based prevention programming may be effective at reducing smoking uptake; however, school smoking policies and the combination of programs and policies were relatively ineffective. These findings suggest that a new approach to school-based tobacco use prevention may be required.
Background: Between 2012/2013 and 2014/2015, a significant increase in tobacco and cannabis use occurred among PEI students that did not align with patterns of use in other Canadian provinces. We ...have not identified why these rates are rising in PEI; however, there are growing concerns about health risks resulting from dual use, given the strong and consistent association between tobacco and cannabis. Methods: From 2008/2009 to 2014/2015, the Canadian Student Tobacco Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CSTADS) (formerly the Youth Smoking Survey) collected biennial student substance use data across Canada. In 2014/2015, CSTADS data were collected from 42 094 students in 336 Canadian schools (incl. 2 256 PEI students in 53 schools). Results: PEI student tobacco use has risen significantly from 2012/2013 for three indicators (past 30 day use of menthol cigarettes 3.0 to 4.3%; little cigars or cigarillos 4.3 to 5.4%; and any tobacco product 13.8 to 16.1%). In 2014/2015, PEI student tobacco use rates (incl. current smoking, ever tried, and past 30 day use of any tobacco product) wereall significantly higher than national rates. In addition, 44.5% of Canadian students (15+) reported ever using cannabis (incl. > 90% of current cigarette smokers). Provincially, prevalence of cannabis use (grades 7-12) varied significantly (PEI - 24.8% vs. Canada - 16.5%). Access to cannabis was perceived ´easier´ by students who reported smoking cigarettes. Conclusions: This divergent pattern of tobacco and cannabis use in PEI raises alarms. Is there a possible "gateway effect," where use of one substance is increasing the likelihood of another, or, is the change the result of provincial policies/programs being focused on other student risk behaviours? A national call to action on dual use of tobacco and cannabis is needed, which sets clear targets for reducing use, documents the impacts of dual use on health, and creates policies to protect against harm.
This paper elicited context specific underlying beliefs for physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption and smoke-free behaviour from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), and then determined ...whether the TPB explained significant variation in intentions and behaviour over a 1 month period in a sample of grade 7-9 (age 12-16 years) adolescents. Eighteen individual interviews and one focus group were used to elicit student beliefs. Analyses of this data produced behavioural, normative and control beliefs which were put into a TPB questionnaire completed by 183 students at time 1 and time 2. The Path analyses from the main study showed that the attitude/intention relationship was moderately large for fruit and vegetable consumption and small to moderate for being smoke free. Perceived behavioural control had a large effect on being smoke free and a moderately large effect for fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity. Intention had a large direct effect on all three behaviours. Common (e.g. feel better, more energy) and behaviour-specific (e.g., prevent yellow fingers, control my weight) beliefs emerged across the three health behaviours. These novel findings, to the adolescent population, support the importance of specific attention being given to each of the behaviours in future multi-behavioural interventions.
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance among Canadian youth. The current study examined national trends in cannabis use among Canadian youth from 2004/05 to 2014/15 using nationally ...representative data from the Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CSTADS). Data were collected from students in Grades 7 to 12 as part of the Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (formerly the Youth Smoking Survey) using a repeat-cross sectional survey across 6 biennial survey waves between 2004 and 2014 (N = 243,057). Regression models examined factors associated with cannabis use in the past 12 months, perceived ease of access, and a multilinear regression examined age of initiation across survey cycles. The findings indicate that use of cannabis in the past 12-months significantly decreased among Canadian youth. Past-year use peaked in 2008/09 at 27.3%; compared to 16.5%, in 2014/15. Mean age of initiation did not vary over time, while youth in recent cycles reported that cannabis was more difficult to access: in 2006/07, 77.1% reported that it would be easy to access cannabis compared to 49.0% in 2014/15. Overall, cannabis use among Canadian youth appears to have peaked around 2008/09, with substantial declines over the past decade. It will be critically important to examine any changes in patterns of use following legalization of non-medical cannabis in Canada.
•Cannabis use among Canadian youth steadily decreased since its use peaked in 2008.•Self-identified Aboriginal youth were 3 times more likely to report past-year use.•Perceived ease of access, a predictor of drug use initiation, declined across years.•No significant differences in reported mean age of initiation across years were found.
Current research suggests that pain is a relatively common phenomenon with 60–90% of patients presenting to emergency departments reporting pain (e.g., chest pain, trauma, extremity fractures and ...migraine headache) that require treatment Hogan, S.L., 2005. Patient satisfaction with pain management in the emergency department. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal 27(4), 284–294. This article explores the use of conceptual theoretical empirical (C-T-E) framework to guide a senior nursing student in a case study of patient with chest pain. The Middle Range Theory of Pain described by Good Good, M., 1998. A middle-range theory of acute pain management: use in research. Nursing Outlook 46(3), 120–124 and Melzack’s Melzack, R., 1987. The short-form McGill pain questionnaire. Pain, 30, 191–197 short form McGill pain questionnaire were applied along with the Prince Edward Island conceptual model (PEICM) for nursing. Results indicate that the nursing student increased her ability to work in partnership, assess relevant and specific information, and identify a number of strategies to help the patient achieve pain control by using a complement of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Moreover, the C-T-E approach provided an organized and systematic theoretical approach for the nursing student to assist a patient in pain control.
The voice of youth is crucial to advancing solutions that contribute to effective strategies to improve youth health outcomes. The problem, however, is that youth/student voices are often overlooked, ...and stakeholders typically engage in decision making without involving youth. The burden of chronic disease is increasing worldwide, and in Canada chronic disease accounts for 89 per cent of deaths. However, currently, youth spend less time being physically active while engaging in more unhealthy eating behaviours than ever before. High rates of unhealthy behaviours such as physical inactivity, unhealthy eating and tobacco use are putting Canadian youth at risk of health problems such as increased levels of overweight and obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Focus group methodology was utilised to conduct 7 focus groups with 50 students in grades 7-12 from schools in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The key themes that emerged included: youth health issues such as lack of opportunities to be physically active, cost and quality of healthy food options, and bullying; facilitators and barriers to health promotion, including positive peer and adult role models, positive relationships with adults and competitiveness of school sports; and lack of student voice. The findings suggest that actively engaging youth provides opportunities to understand youth perspectives on how to encourage them to make healthy choices and engage in healthy behaviours. Attention needs to be paid to inclusive knowledge exchange practices that value and integrate youth perspectives and ideas as a basis for building health promotion actions and interventions. Author abstract, ed
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the theory of planned behavior as a framework for understanding exercise intention and behavior in survivors of breast and prostate cancer. Participants were ...83 survivors of breast and 46 survivors of prostate cancer who were diagnosed within the previous 4 years and had completed treatment. Each participant completed a mailed self-administered questionnaire that assessed exercise during the previous week, demographic and medical variables, and the theory of planned behavior. For survivors of breast cancer, regression analyses indicated that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explained 45% of the variance in exercise intention with attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control each uniquely contributing to intention. Furthermore, exercise intention explained 30% of the variance in exercise behavior; however, perceived behavioral control added no unique variance. For survivors of prostate cancer, attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control explained 36% of the variance in exercise intention, but only perceived behavioral control made a significant unique contribution. Furthermore, intention explained 36% of the variance in exercise behavior; however, perceived behavioral control added no unique variance. Results suggest that nurses may use the theory of planned behavior as a model for understanding the determinants of exercise intentions and behavior in survivors of breast and prostate cancer.
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