Gresham's Law, the oft-quoted aphorism that 'bad money drives out good', is a theoretical lens through which coinage reforms and their effects are usually interpreted. However, as the wealth of ...evidence available to us continues to increase, it is becoming clear that this can no longer be stated with certainty. The extent to which the public was aware of and reacted to coinage reforms is a continuing point of contention, as is the impact of these responses on monetary policy and the wider economy. My research aims to begin to fill this deficiency in modern scholarship through a large-scale examination of silver coin hoarding patterns from across the Roman Empire, alongside select studies of hoards from beyond the frontiers. This study is being carried out in conjunction with new analyses of the composition of Roman silver coinage, currently being undertaken by Professor Kevin Butcher and Dr Matthew Ponting. By examining changes to the way people hoarded coins, we can begin to investigate the extent of public knowledge of reform and the nature of any ensuing reaction. This in turn can help to shed new light on a variety of subjects, from the nature of hoarding and Roman conceptions of value to the role of coinage reforms in precipitating the so-called 'Crisis of the Third Century.' The reforms of Nero, Domitian and the Severan emperors are examined in detail through an analysis of coin hoards and their contents, before the similarities and differences between each series of events are discussed. A repeating pattern of debasement, popular reaction, renewal and recall is identified, suggesting commonalities between coinage reforms across a two-hundred-year time span. This in turn demonstrates the value of carefully considered large scale coin hoard studies to students of the Roman world.
A GIS model predicting the spatial distribution of terrestrial salamander abundance based on topography and forest age was developed using parameters derived from the literature. The model was tested ...by sampling salamander abundance across the full range of site conditions used in the model. A regression of the predictions of our GIS model against these sample data showed that the model has a modest but significant ability to predict both salamander abundance and mass per unit area. The model was used to assess the impacts of alternative management plans for the Hoosier National Forest (Indiana, USA) on salamanders. These plans differed in the spatial delineation of management areas where timber harvest was permitted, and the intensity of timber harvest within those management areas. The spatial pattern of forest openings produced by alternative forest management scenarios based on these plans was projected over 150 years using a timber-harvest simulator (HARVEST). We generated a predictive map of salamander abundance for each scenario over time, and summarized each map by calculating mean salamander abundance and the mean colonization distance (average distance from map cells with low predicted abundance to those with relatively high abundance). Projected salamander abundance was affected more by harvest rate (area harvested each decade) than by the management area boundaries. The alternatives had a varying effect on the mean distance salamanders would have to travel to colonize regenerating stands. Our GIS modeling approach is an example of a spatial analytical tool that could help resource management planners to evaluate the potential ecological impact of management alternatives.
The coinage reforms of Septimius Severus (r. AD 193–211) and his son Caracalla (r. AD 198–217) are some of the most well studied, and hotly debated, in the history of the Roman monetary system. The ...problem lies not with the material facts of the reforms, which have been reasonably clear for some time. Septimius Severus restored the weight of the gold aureus and the silver denarius, which had declined under Commodus (r. AD 177–192), to the Neronian standards of c. 7.2 g and c. 3.4 g respectively.² However, the silver content of the denarius was reduced from
The Company had a 45-year old, original, first generation reciprocating grate cooler that was due for total rebuild. The remainder of the kiln line had been updated over time which had resulted in ...increased throughput, but the cooler had never been updated. Through a strong partnership between the original equipment supplier (OEM), the corporate engineering team, and the plant personnel from project conception through project completion, the Company was able to implement the latest generation of clinker cooler technology. Operational performance has shown significant savings in fuel consumption and electrical energy consumption. Further, an increase in resulting product strength has allowed for a reduction in Blaine targets for finished cement, helping to position the Company to meet current and future market challenges and opportunities.
Numerous studies have shown terrestrial salamanders of similar size compete strongly for cover objects on the forest floor. The cover objects provide a refuge that allows the owner more foraging ...opportunities throughout the year. Usually the competition between species is asymmetric and results in the exclusion of one of the species from large areas. In Hoosier National Forest, Plethodon cinereus and P. dorsalis coexist broadly and appear to share the same microhabitats. A number of factors might explain this unique case of coexistence. P. cinereus is more common in drier habitats and becomes more predominant as spring becomes warmer and drier compared to P. dorsalis. P. dorsalis is more common in the moister habitats, and predominates early in the spring. P. cinereus also looses water more slowly compared to P. dorsalis. Although P. cinereus is larger and shows higher levels of aggressive behaviors associated with cover object defense, P. dorsalis is better able to hold ownership of cover objects in the lab. The coexistence may be the result of the greater physiological tolerance of P. cinereus to drier conditions, which allow it to feed in habitats and at times unavailable to P. dorsalis. As conditions on the forest floor get warmer and drier as spring progresses, the more sensitive P. dorsalis has to retreat underground sooner than P. cinereus. P. cinereus will then have foraging opportunities under cover objects that are unavailable to P. dorsalis due to its sensitivity.
In a game punctuated by defensive intensity, the undersized Cougars stepped up to go toe-to-toe with their noticeably bigger opponents, and after a slow start for both teams, took a 14-13 lead ...heading into the second quarter. Heading up the charge for the Lancers was 6-foot, 7-inch Kavario Middleton who dropped a game high 21 points. Also in the mix were Anthony Enriquez and Jermaine Kearse scoring 17 and 15 points respectively. Though the Cougars put up a valiant effort, Lakes (8-2 overall, 3-0 WCC) was simply relentless as the Lancers took an 18- point lead going into the fourth quarter, and they never lost stride.
With the Saints men down by one with .6 seconds remaining in the game, sophomore guard Justin Alexander cashed in two free throws to finish off a spectacular comeback victory against a tough Wolves ...(5- 8 overall) squad. SAINT MARTINS 74, C. WASHINGTON 58 Whitney Golob turned in a complete game scoring 10 points to go along with two assists, four steals and nine rebounds to lead the Saints over Central Washington (9-3, 0-2 GNAC) "Central is a very good team with a very good program and so this is a huge win for us," Saints head coach Tim Healy said. "The biggest thing for us is that we put forty minutes together and that has been an issue for our team. But tonight we played a complete game." Behind the charged effort of veteran team leader Golob, the Saints cruised to a dominant victory by putting a stranglehold on the Wildcats early which they never relinquished.
PDF
