The prevalences of obstructive and restrictive spirometric phenotypes, and their relation to early-life risk factors from childhood to young adulthood remain poorly understood. The aim was to explore ...these phenotypes and associations with well-known respiratory risk factors across ages and populations in European cohorts.
We studied 49 334 participants from 14 population-based cohorts in different age groups (≤10, >10-15, >15-20, >20-25 years, and overall, 5-25 years). The obstructive phenotype was defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV
)/forced vital capacity (FVC) z-score less than the lower limit of normal (LLN), whereas the restrictive phenotype was defined as FEV
/FVC z-score ≥LLN, and FVC z-score <LLN.
The prevalence of obstructive and restrictive phenotypes varied from 3.2-10.9% and 1.8-7.7%, respectively, without clear age trends. A diagnosis of asthma (adjusted odds ratio (aOR=2.55, 95% CI 2.14-3.04), preterm birth (aOR=1.84, 1.27-2.66), maternal smoking during pregnancy (aOR=1.16, 95% CI 1.01-1.35) and family history of asthma (aOR=1.44, 95% CI 1.25-1.66) were associated with a higher prevalence of obstructive, but not restrictive, phenotype across ages (5-25 years). A higher current body mass index (BMI was more often observed in those with the obstructive phenotype but less in those with the restrictive phenotype (aOR=1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.06 and aOR=0.81, 95% CI 0.78-0.85, per kg·m
increase in BMI, respectively). Current smoking was associated with the obstructive phenotype in participants older than 10 years (aOR=1.24, 95% CI 1.05-1.46).
Obstructive and restrictive phenotypes were found to be relatively prevalent during childhood, which supports the early origins concept. Several well-known respiratory risk factors were associated with the obstructive phenotype, whereas only low BMI was associated with the restrictive phenotype, suggesting different underlying pathobiology of these two phenotypes.
This article presents a collection of simulation studies using the ECCE detector concept in the context of the EIC's exclusive, diffractive, and tagging physics program, which aims to further explore ...the rich quark-gluon structure of nucleons and nuclei. To successfully execute the program, ECCE proposed to utilize the detecter system close to the beamline to ensure exclusivity and tag ion beam/fragments for a particular reaction of interest. Preliminary studies confirmed the proposed technology and design satisfy the requirements. The projected physics impact results are based on the projected detector performance from the simulation at 10 or 100 fb^-1 of integrated luminosity. Additionally, a few insights on the potential 2nd Interaction Region can (IR) were also documented which could serve as a guidepost for the future development of a second EIC detector.
The decay of the Higgs boson to b quarks should be the dominant decay mode, but it has not yet been conclusively established. The LHC run 1 results are recalled and the current status of the LHC Run ...2 studies is reviewed. The analysis is approaching decisive sensitivity.
Heavy-atom derivatization Garman, Elspeth; Murray, James W.
Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography,
11/2003, Letnik:
59, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Most of the standard methods of solving macromolecular structures involve producing a protein crystal that is derivatized by an anomalous scatterer or heavy atom (MIR, SIRAS, MAD, SAD etc.). The ...theoretical methodology which underpins the extraction of phase information from such derivatives is widely available in the literature. In addition, there are comprehensive sources of information on the chemistry of heavy‐atom compounds and the ligands with which they are known to interact, as well as the Heavy Atom Databank accessible on the World Wide Web. This contribution therefore aims to provide some information on the less well documented practical problems of firstly deciding on an overall strategy for derivatization and secondly performing the physical manipulations involved in producing heavy‐atom derivatives from native protein crystals and then cryocooling them. Ways to optimize the chances of isomorphous unit cells are suggested. Methods of determining whether or not the heavy atom is bound are outlined, including the powerful technique of PIXE (particle‐induced X‐ray emission).
To determine if RJR Nabisco's cartoon-theme advertising is more effective in promoting Camel cigarettes to children or to adults. To determine if children see, remember, and are influenced by ...cigarette advertising.
Use of four standard marketing measures to compare the effects of Camel's Old Joe cartoon advertising on children and adults.
High school students, grades 9 through 12, from five regions of the United States, and adults, aged 21 years and over, from Massachusetts.
Recognition of Camel's Old Joe cartoon character, product and brand name recall, brand preference, appeal of advertising themes.
Children were more likely to report prior exposure to the Old Joe cartoon character (97.7% vs 72.2%; P less than .0001). Children were better able to identify the type of product being advertised (97.5% vs 67.0%; P less than .0001) and the the Camel cigarette brand name (93.6% vs 57.7%; P less than .0001). Children also found the Camel cigarette advertisements more appealing (P less than .0001). Camel's share of the illegal children's cigarette market segment has increased from 0.5% to 32.8%, representing sales estimated at $476 million per year.
Old Joe Camel cartoon advertisements are far more successful at marketing Camel cigarettes to children than to adults. This finding is consistent with tobacco industry documents that indicate that a major function of tobacco advertising is to promote and maintain tobacco addiction among children.
Fractures of the proximal humerus are a common occurrence, especially in the growing group of older-age Americans. Proximal humerus fractures make up 4% to 5% of all fractures.
1
Although the ...proximal humerus is only a small portion of the humerus, proximal humerus fractures account for 45% of all humeral fractures.
14
When considering adults over the age of 40, this increases to 76%.
1
Osteoporosis is thought to be a contributing factor to this increased incidence. Osteoporosis is also a major factor in the increased ratio (2:1) of proximal humeral fractures in women compared to men.
1
A new tetracyclic depsidone, excelsione (1), was isolated from the extract of an unidentified fungal endophyte obtained from the New Zealand endemic tree Knightia excelsa. The structure was ...elucidated by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.
The Present and Future of QCD Amaryan, M; Atac, H; Baty, A A ...
arXiv (Cornell University),
03/2023
Paper, Journal Article
Odprti dostop
This White Paper presents the community inputs and scientific conclusions from the Hot and Cold QCD Town Meeting that took place September 23-25, 2022 at MIT, as part of the Nuclear Science Advisory ...Committee (NSAC) 2023 Long Range Planning process. A total of 424 physicists registered for the meeting. The meeting highlighted progress in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) nuclear physics since the 2015 LRP (LRP15) and identified key questions and plausible paths to obtaining answers to those questions, defining priorities for our research over the coming decade. In defining the priority of outstanding physics opportunities for the future, both prospects for the short (~ 5 years) and longer term (5-10 years and beyond) are identified together with the facilities, personnel and other resources needed to maximize the discovery potential and maintain United States leadership in QCD physics worldwide. This White Paper is organized as follows: In the Executive Summary, we detail the Recommendations and Initiatives that were presented and discussed at the Town Meeting, and their supporting rationales. Section 2 highlights major progress and accomplishments of the past seven years. It is followed, in Section 3, by an overview of the physics opportunities for the immediate future, and in relation with the next QCD frontier: the EIC. Section 4 provides an overview of the physics motivations and goals associated with the EIC. Section 5 is devoted to the workforce development and support of diversity, equity and inclusion. This is followed by a dedicated section on computing in Section 6. Section 7 describes the national need for nuclear data science and the relevance to QCD research.
Trace element distributions in the source waters of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) show the existence of elevated total acid-soluble iron concentrations. This region has been suggested to ...contribute enough bioavailable iron to regulate interannual and interglacial variability in biological productivity downstream in the high-nitrate low-chlorophyll upwelling zone of the eastern equatorial Pacific. We investigated the advection and first-order biogeochemical impact of an imposed, data-based iron maximum in the western Pacific EUC using an ecosystem model forced by a global dynamical model. We imposed two source profiles of iron constrained by total acid-soluble iron measurements. Though the data for total acid-soluble iron included both dissolved and acid-soluble particulate iron species, we treated all of the total acid-soluble iron as if it was dissolved and bioavailable. A deeper (270
m) source was centered in the density horizon of the observed iron maximum and a shallower (180
m) source was located in the core of our model's EUC, where a dissolved iron maximum has been frequently postulated. These source runs were compared with a control run that contained no specific source of iron associated with the EUC. In the source runs elevated iron concentrations were simulated in the EUC across its entire zonal span, evident as a subsurface plume of dissolved iron slightly below the core of the EUC. In the control run there was no iron maximum associated with the EUC. Upwelling of iron-replete water in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific increased integrated primary productivity in the Wyrtki box (180°W:90°W, 5°S:5°N, 0:200
m) by 41% and 66% for the deeper and shallower iron perturbation, respectively. The source runs increased the realism of the zonal extent of HNLC conditions and the meridional distributions of biological productivity, relative to the control run. However, in the source simulations surface chlorophyll concentrations were too high by a factor of two and maximum surface nitrate concentrations were too low, relative to climatologies. The relative abundance of diatoms roughly doubled upon the input of additional iron, exceeding field observations. Though biogeochemical data are limited and we did not adjust parameters to optimize the model fits to observations, these results suggest that acid-soluble particulate iron supplied to the EUC in the western equatorial Pacific is unlikely to be entirely bioavailable.
PDF
