Ideally, in a country the population censuses are held regularly (five or ten-year intervals), population surveys, called “control surveys” are then conducted during the intercensal period. The ...latter, as well as the registers of civil status (information on the movements of the population), help determining a representative sample, called “scale model of the population.” Random, stratified and weighted, it has the advantage of providing a good statistical database for any generalizations about the target population with relatively little risk of error. Our study area, Bukavu city, doesn't comply with the classical scheme of data collection for two main reasons: - there are more than twenty years that real demographic censuses have been carried out in the province, the records of the `civil status is poorly maintained and often incomplete—if any!—Especially during this post-conflict period. A study was conducted in Bukavu City to determine the number of people living in this city. Two GeoEye satellite images of 50 cm resolution captured in July 2012 were used. A net of 200 × 200 meters was created with ArcGIS to divide the satellite images into regular cells. In total 2772 cells were created to cover the two satellite images but only 2353 cells were considered for classification. Three classes were identified in the satellite images according to houses density: High density, medium density and low density zones. Three samples were selected and for each different density type, a point map was created covering each house of the selected sample zones received a point. Using the three different density patterns, 95 highly populated zones were identified, 307 medium density zones and 800 low density zones having each respectively a total of 30'400, 46'050, and 40'000 houses. The population of the city was obtained by taking the number of houses times an average of 8, 7 and 6 habitants per house respectively in high, medium and low density zones. A total of 805550 habitants was obtained for Bukavu city which is almost the same number of people estimated (830'000) by the Inspection Provinciale de la Santé which is the health office in charge of vaccination campaign in South-Kivu Province. This method can be used whenever there is a need to quickly estimate the number of the population in a region where there is no census data.
Les marais sont de plus en plus menacés par les activités anthropogéniques mettant en péril leur capacité de filtrant des eaux des bassins versants. Cette étude a permis de déterminer l’efficacité de ...rétention des nutriments par les marais de Ciranga et de Kabamba et les effets de l’utilisation des terres et de la végétation sur la rétention des nutriments. Les échantillons d’eau ont été prélevés à l’entrée de la rivière dans le marais et à l’embouchure, et aussi sur sept stations identifiées dans le marais caractérisées par différents types de végétation et d’utilisation. Les prélèvements ont été effectués mensuellement entre août 2011 et juillet 2012. L’efficacité de rétention relative des polluants a été calculée par la différence entre la concentration au site de à l’entrée du marais et celle au site récepteur. Les résultats montrent que l’efficacité de rétention des nutriments des marais de Ciranga et de Kabamba diffèrent au vu de leur état d’utilisation des terres et de la couverture végétale. Le marais de Ciranga a une potentialité de rétention des nutriments plus élevée que le marais de Kabamba. L’efficacité de rétention du marais Ciranga est de 13% pour l’azote, mais celui de Kabamba est de 2% pour le phosphore. Le marais de Ciranga possède une concentration élevée en phosphore dans la rivière Lwiro (0,5 µmole/l). Par ailleurs, la rétention d’azote total est plus significative dans le marais de Kabamba que dans le marais de Ciranga. Comme le marais de Kabamba a été drainé et transformé en terre de culture, sa fonction naturelle de purification a été réduite. Des mesures de restauration des marais seraient d’une grande importance pour la stabilité du Lac Kivu et d’autres écosystèmes importants de la région.
L’objectif de l’étude était d’évaluer la combinaison optimale des substrats locaux avec des additifs permettant d’accroitre le rendement des souches P969 et HK51 de Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. ...Kumm., dans les conditions écologiques de l’Est de la R.D. du Congo. L’essai a été établi en split plot avec 3 facteurs: nature du substrat (fanes de haricot et feuilles de bananier), nature de l’additif (son de riz et bouse de vache) et dose d’additif (0, 5, 10 et 15%). Les résultats ont montré que les substrats à base de fanes de haricot sont plus productifs en termes de poids moyen des sporophores. L’ajout de l’additif à base de bouse sur les fanes de haricot, comme l’ajout de son de riz sur les feuilles de bananier, a permis l’accroissement proportionnel du rendement. Par contre, au-delà de 10% de supplément de son de riz sur les fanes de haricot, le rendement chute et devient même inferieur au témoin sans additif. Il ressort de cette étude que le choix du type et de la dose d’additifs à utiliser dépend de la nature du substrat pour la production de P. ostreatus.
Effects of Increasing Additive Doses on the Productivity of Two Strains of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. under the Casing Technique; and on Local Substrates in the D.R. of the Congo.The objective of the study was to evaluate the yield increase of P969 and HK51 strains of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. by combining different local substrates with additives. The research took place in the ecological conditions of Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The trial was established according to a split plot design with 3 factors: substrate type (bean vines and banana leaves), additive type (rice bran and cow dung); and additive doses (0, 5, 10 and 15%). The results showed that the bean vines substrates are more productive in terms of sporophore weight. The supplementation of the dung additives on bean vines allowed the increase in output as well as the supplementation of rice bran on banana leaves. However, beyond a 10% supplementation rate of rice bran on bean vines the yield falls and becomes lower than the control without additive. It has been observed that the choice of additive type and additive doses to be used may be influenced by the substrate nature in the production of P. ostreatus.
L. (Solanaceae) is a plant widely used in traditional medicine systems to manage various diseases, including diabetes mellitus, which remains a global health problem in developing and developed ...countries. This study aimed to scientifically evaluate its antidiabetic bioactivity and short-term toxicity in rats.
We prepared various doses (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts for the antidiabetic study, and a dose of 2000 mg/Kg was prepared for the acute toxicity test. The first group that evaluated the hypoglycemic effect consisted of forty normoglycemic Wistar rats aged 7-8 months old with a weighted average of 265.8 ± 24.6 g. The second group consisted of intraperitoneal glucose-loaded male animals to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect. The third group contained two groups of normoglycemic female rats (n = 3), aged 3 and 4 months old (weight average: 187.45 ± 14.82 g), treated for 14 days with aqueous and methanolic extracts (2 g/kg b.w) to assess mortality and toxic effects. Blood samples were taken at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min post-treatment in hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic evaluations. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug. The control animals in each group did not receive the extracts.
In hypoglycemic rats, 100 mg/kg of aqueous and methanolic extracts significantly lowered the fasting blood glucose level by 13.92% (
< 0.0001) and 21.95% (p < 0.01), respectively, compared to the control group. In glucose tolerance test group, methanolic extracts significantly reduced hyperglycemia by 54.55% (
< 0.0001), 46.50% (
< 0.0001), 39.78% (
< 0.0001) at 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg b.w, respectively, compared to control; aqueous extract 400 mg/kg reduced hyperglycemia by 39.44% (
< 0.05). At the 2000 mg/kg dose, leaf aqueous and methanolic extracts did not show any signs of intoxication and mortality.
Crude aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of
appeared safe at 2000 mg/kg and have bioactivity in controlling the blood glucose levels, supporting their use in treating diabetes.
Effects of Increasing Additive Doses on the Productivity of Two Strains of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. under the Casing Technique; and on Local Substrates in the D.R. of the Congo. The ...objective of the study was to evaluate the yield increase of P969 and HK51 strains of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. by combining different local substrates with additives. The research took place in the ecological conditions of Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The trial was established according to a split plot design with 3 factors: substrate type (bean vines and banana leaves), additive type (rice bran and cow dung); and additive doses (0, 5, 10 and 15%). The results showed that the bean vines substrates are more productive in terms of sporophore weight. The supplementation of the dung additives on bean vines allowed the increase in output as well as the supplementation of rice bran on banana leaves. However, beyond a 10% supplementation rate of rice bran on bean vines the yield falls and becomes lower than the control without additive. It has been observed that the choice of additive type and additive doses to be used may be influenced by the substrate nature in the production of P. ostreatus.
Cette étude a été conduite afin d’évaluer les risques pour la santé liés à la production de déchets en milieu rural d’Irhambi Katana à l’est de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC). La mesure ...des quantités des déchets produits par ménage dans six localités du groupement d’Irhambi Katana et l’analyse microscopique des échantillons des déchets ont été réalisées. La comparaison avec les données des centres de santé et la détermination de l’apport de ces déchets en éléments nutritifs du sol ont été réalisées. Les ménages du groupement d’Irhambi Katana produisent en moyenne 0,3 kg de déchets par jour. Ces déchets domestiques renferment plusieurs agents pathogènes tels que Balantidium coli, Shigella flexneri, Ascaris lombricoïdes et Escherichia coli qu’on peut associer à des maladies diarrhéiques couramment rencontrées dans les statistiques des centres de santé comme l’ascaridiose, la shigelose, l’amibiase et le choléra. Mais aussi ces déchets contiennent des matières organiques fertilisantes du sol comme l’azote et le phosphore en quantité importante (1272 mg P/kg; 8,89 % de N /kg). Une sensibilisation de la population dans la gestion des déchets domestiques pour éviter les maladies dues à la mauvaise gestion des déchets ainsi que l’usage de ces déchets dans la fertilisation des sols est recommandée.
The physico-chemical characteristics of ten permanently flowing rivers from Kahuzi Biega National Park (Democratic Republic of Congo) were examined in July 2007. Water samples were collected from ten ...sites between 1800 and 3200 m asl and analyzed for the following chemical parameters: biological oxygen demand, total and carbonate hardness, alkalinity, total phosphorus, nitrogen, nitrate, and ammonia. Discharge, current velocity, temperature, and oxygen saturation were analyzed on site. In general, the chemical parameters revealed relatively low concentrations compared to others rivers in the region. The rivers were cold (10 degree C - 15 degree C), well oxygenated, had low conductivity (generally <100 mu S/cm), and had pH values ranging between 5.5 and 7.6. Nitrogen and phosphorus were also low (0.086 - 0.25 mu mol/L for phosphorus and 2.21 - 4.25 mu mol/L for nitrogen) in all rivers. The main natural sources of nitrogen and other nutriaents are from rain and atmospheric deposition, organic matter decomposition, and fixation of molecular nitrogen from allochthonous inorganic material. In the forested rivers of Kahuzi-Biega National Park the terrestrial and riparian envi- ronments are the only sources of nitrogen and phosphorus to the river water.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that poses a major global health threat. The current diabetes mellitus uses insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, which have limitations, including adverse ...effects and secondary failures. Herbal medicine is being evaluated for its role in the pharmacotherapy of diabetes. This study was aimed to assess the anti-diabetic potential and short-term toxicity level of
collected from Bukavu in Democratic Republic of Congo.
Leaves of
were extracted by infusion and maceration with distilled water and 95% methanol, respectively. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic potentials of the aqueous and methanolic were investigated in normoglycemic and intraperitoneal glucose-loaded rats at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight. An oral acute toxicity test was carried out on healthy female Wistar rats.
Acute toxicity test showed the mean lethal dose (LD
) for both aqueous and methanol extracts of
to be more than 2000 mg/kg. The group treated with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.w) and aqueous extract of the plant (200 mg/kg b.w) showed a significant reduction (
< 0.0001 and
< 0.05) of fasting blood glucose by 46.91% and 16.72%, respectively, compared to control and all other treatment groups. In acute conditions, a single oral administration of the aqueous and methanolic extracts lowered fasting blood glucose in rats. Any manifestation and signs of toxicity and mortality have been recorded for 14 days of observation.
Leaf aqueous and methanolic extracts of
appeared safe at 2000 mg/kg. The plant demonstrated some anti-diabetic potential in rats, explaining its use as an anti-diabetic remedy locally.
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