The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Conflict brings together leading interdisciplinary scholars, policymakers, and practitioners to address a complex range of challenges, contexts, geographies, and ...issues that arise for women and men in the context of armed conflict. The Handbook addresses war and peace, humanitarian intervention, countering violence and extremism, the United Nations Women, Peace, and Security Agenda, sexual violence, criminal accountability, autonomous weapons, peacekeeping, refugee and internally displaced person (IDP) status, the political economy of war, the economics of conflict, as well as health and economic security. It begins with theoretical approaches to gender and conflict, drawing on the areas of international, peace and conflict, feminist, and masculinities studies. The Handbook explores how women and men’s pre-war societal, economic, and legal status relates to their conflict experiences, affecting the ways in which they are treated in the post-conflict transitional phase. In addition to examining these conflict and post-conflict experiences, the Handbook addresses the differing roles of multiple national and international actors, as well as the UN led Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. Contributions survey the regulatory framework and gendered dimensions of international humanitarian and international human rights law in situations of conflict and occupation as well as addressing, and critiquing, the gendered nature and content of international criminal law. The Handbook also includes grounded country case studies exploring different gendered experiences of conflict in various regions. As a whole, this Handbook seeks to critically examine the contemporary gender-based challenges that emerge in conflict and post-conflicts contexts.
An evaluation of the dependence of detective quantum efficiency (DQE) on the incident energy spectrum has been made for mammography. The DQE dependence on the energy spectrum has been evaluated for ...energy-integrating detectors, photon-counting detectors, and detectors that measure the energy of each photon. To isolate the effect of the x-ray energy spectrum the detector has been assumed to be ideal, i.e., all noise sources are assumed to be zero except for quantum fluctuations. The result shows that the improvement in DQE, if the energy-integrating detector is compared to a single-photon counting detector, is of the order of 10%. Comparing the energy-integrating detector and the detector measuring the energy for each photon the improvement is around 30% using a molybdenum anode spectrum typical in mammography. It is shown that the optimal weight factors to combine the data in the case the energy is measured are very well approximated if the weight factors are proportional to
E
−3
.
Another conclusion is that in calculating the DQE, a detector should be compared to one that uses ideal energy weighting for each photon since this provides the best signal-to-noise ratio. This has generally been neglected in the literature.
Focusing hard X-rays with old LPs Cederström, Björn; Cahn, Robert N; Danielsson, Mats ...
Nature,
04/2000, Letnik:
404, Številka:
6781
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We have found that two sections cut from a vinyl long-playing record can
form a spherical aberration-free refractive lens for hard X-rays. Our manufactured
saw-tooth refractive lens has a focal ...length of 22 cm for 23-keV X-rays. The
low cost and short focal length of this lens make it feasible for use in small-scale
experiments with conventional X-ray tubes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The drift and diffusion of a cloud of ions in a fluid are distorted by an inhomogeneous electric field. If the electric field carries the center of the distribution in a straight line and the field ...configuration is suitably symmetric, the distortion can be calculated analytically. We examine the specific examples of fields with cylindrical and spherical symmetry in detail assuming the ion distributions to be of a generally Gaussian form. The effects of differing diffusion coefficients in the transverse and longitudinal directions are included.
Distance probes of dark energy Kim, A.G.; Padmanabhan, N.; Aldering, G. ...
Astroparticle physics,
03/2015, Letnik:
63
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This document presents the results from the Distances subgroup of the Cosmic Frontier Community Planning Study (Snowmass 2013). We summarize the current state of the field as well as future prospects ...and challenges. In addition to the established probes using Type Ia supernovae and baryon acoustic oscillations, we also consider prospective methods based on clusters, active galactic nuclei, gravitational wave sirens and strong lensing time delays.
Rechargeable Lithium Batteries [and Discussion] Bruce, Peter G.; Cahn, R.; Bagshaw, N. E. ...
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences,
07/1996, Letnik:
354, Številka:
1712
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Much of materials electrochemistry represents a fusion of solid-state chemistry and electrochemistry. The commercial success
of the world's first rechargeable lithium battery, introduced recently by ...Sony, is a triumph of materials electrochemistry.
By developing radically new anodes, cathodes and electrolytes, a cell has been produced which can store three times the energy
per unit weight and volume compared with conventional systems. This represents a revolution in battery technology. The Sony
cell was developed in response to a demand from consumer electronic products such as camcorders. The future development of
such products, e.g. mobile telephones and lap-top computers, of biomedical devices, such as the artificial heart, and of electric
vehicles, is crucially dependent on developing advanced batteries. The markets for many of these devices are vast. The Sony
cell is based on the rocking-chair concept and is composed of a carbon anode, LiCoO$_{2}$ cathode and non-aqueous electrolyte.
The advantages and disadvantages of the rocking-chair battery will be compared with those of the rechargeable lithium battery
based on a lithium-metal anode. The Sony cell represents merely a first-generation lithium system. Future substantial improvements
in performance will also rely on innovative materials electrochemistry. The search for new intercalation cathodes which can
offer advantages compared with LiCoO$_{2}$ are discussed. In particular, the development of new 3 and 4 V cathodes, based
on LiMn$_{2}$O$_{4}$ spinel materials, is presented. These materials have a number of important advantages which make them
attractive as the basis for a new generation of rechargeable lithium batteries. The new synthetic routes to the spinel materials
are described, as are the structures, microstructures and electrochemical performance of these materials.
A unique insight into particle physics for researchers and graduate students, this second edition contains new chapters on the W and Z bosons, the top quark discovery, B-meson mixing and CP ...violation, and neutrino oscillations. Each chapter is accompanied by reprinted articles, and problems with a broad range of difficulty.
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