This study builds from context-emergent turnover theory to examine the dynamic properties of turnover rates, including: (a) the changing quality and quantity of the human capital resources that ...depart, (b) the changing turnover dispersion (i.e., how distributed turnover events are over time), and (c) the changing quality and quantity of replacement hires. We examine these properties using data drawn from a sample of retail employees nested within stores of a prominent U.S. retail chain over five quarters, and show that the turnover rate (level) is conceptually and empirically distinct from turnover rate change, and that the two interact with each other to influence changes in unit performance. We also find that the relationship between turnover rate change and change in unit performance is moderated by both the quality of those who leave as well as turnover dispersion. Overall, we contribute to turnover rate, staffing, and human capital resource literatures by testing core context-emergent turnover theory propositions to show when, why, and how turnover rate change and replacement hires, as part of a holistic human capital resource system, influence unit performance.
This work provides a theoretical explanation for the mechanisms that can drive collective turnover in response to a unit-level shock by applying event systems theory to collective turnover. ...Specifically, we recognize the importance of modeling a disruption phase following a shock, the social mechanisms that influence the collective turnover response, and boundary conditions on the impact of the shock on the collective turnover response. We examine collective turnover following 239 general manager departures in a large U.S. retailer from 2012 to 2014 to observe how a unit-relevant shock affects the collective turnover response across time. In doing so, we identify and explain a potential delay before the disruption phase and the cumulative abnormal voluntary turnover that occurs in the disruption phase following a unit-level shock.
PLANNING FOR FUTURE LEADERSHIP SCHEPKER, DONALD J.; NYBERG, ANTHONY J.; ULRICH, MICHAEL D. ...
Academy of Management journal,
04/2018, Letnik:
61, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Despite substantive organizational ramifications, surprisingly little theory explains executive succession planning processes. A firm’s board of directors has the fiduciary responsibility to select ...CEOs, but, historically, boards have failed to exercise this authority. Increasing focus on corporate governance has prompted directors to become more engaged in organizational management, but boards face significant barriers to gathering and processing information. However, there is a dearth of research examining how boards overcome informational barriers to enhance decision-making effectiveness. Accordingly, the current study integrates procedural rationality in decision-making with research on boards as information-processing groups to explore how and why boards conduct succession planning processes. Procedural rationality results in formalized processes designed to collect essential information about CEO succession candidates; these processes, in turn, lead to a greater quantity and quality of CEO succession candidates. We also illustrate how CEOs can influence the effectiveness of board information gathering and processing. The tests of the theoretically generated hypotheses rely on in-depth qualitative interviews, coupled with unique survey and archival data from 355 firm-year observations of 218 large organizations, collected over three years.
Rewarding collective outcomes has become an increasingly important strategic motivational tool for driving collective success, reflecting the insight that paying employees for individual ...contributions does not always optimize performance in collective endeavors. Research into different types of collective pay for performance (PFP), or pay that is contingent on collective outcomes, has been studied in diverse academic fields (e.g., economics, strategy, psychology), but the compartmentalization between these academic disciplines hinders conceptual coordination. To advance this research and its related insights, this article provides a review of the theory and evidence pertaining to the relationships between different collective PFP types and collective outcomes. We also provide a meta-analysis that shows that collective PFP has desirable outcomes (e.g., meta-analysis shows an overall ρ = 0.11; p < .001), substantiating the value of studying collective PFP separately from individual PFP. The review also reveals a lack of empirical and theoretical development and highlights the need for a comprehensive theory of collective PFP. Our cross-disciplinary review of 106 empirical articles builds a foundation for advancing common pursuits, integrating knowledge, and creating theory. The consolidated perspectives point to promising directions for future research.
Ethionamide has proven efficacy against both drug-susceptible and some drug-resistant strains of
Limited information on its pharmacokinetics in children is available, and current doses are ...extrapolated from weight-based adult doses. Pediatric doses based on more robust evidence are expected to improve antituberculosis treatment, especially in small children. In this analysis, ethionamide concentrations in children from 2 observational clinical studies conducted in Cape Town, South Africa, were pooled. All children received ethionamide once daily at a weight-based dose of approximately 20 mg/kg of body weight (range, 10.4 to 25.3 mg/kg) in combination with other first- or second-line antituberculosis medications and with antiretroviral therapy in cases of HIV coinfection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. The MDR-PK1 study contributed data for 110 children on treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, while the DATiC study contributed data for 9 children treated for drug-susceptible tuberculosis. The median age of the children in the studies combined was 2.6 years (range, 0.23 to 15 years), and the median weight was 12.5 kg (range, 2.5 to 66 kg). A one-compartment, transit absorption model with first-order elimination best described ethionamide pharmacokinetics in children. Allometric scaling of clearance (typical value, 8.88 liters/h), the volume of distribution (typical value, 21.4 liters), and maturation of clearance and absorption improved the model fit. HIV coinfection decreased the ethionamide bioavailability by 22%, rifampin coadministration increased clearance by 16%, and ethionamide administration by use of a nasogastric tube increased the rate, but the not extent, of absorption. The developed model was used to predict pediatric doses achieving the same drug exposure achieved in 50- to 70-kg adults receiving 750-mg once-daily dosing. Based on model predictions, we recommend a weight-banded pediatric dosing scheme using scored 125-mg tablets.
In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, treatment with the alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker alfuzosin (as compared with placebo) did not reduce symptoms in men who ...had received a diagnosis of chronic prostatitis–chronic pelvic pain syndrome in the preceding 2 years and who had not previously been treated with an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker. The findings do not support the use of alfuzosin for men in whom chronic prostatitis–chronic pelvic pain syndrome has recently been diagnosed.
Treatment with the alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker alfuzosin did not reduce symptoms in men who had received a diagnosis of chronic prostatitis–chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
Prostatitis is a common and costly medical condition, with chronic prostatitis–chronic pelvic pain syndrome the most frequent subtype encountered by family physicians, internists, and urologists.
1
–
3
Men with chronic prostatitis–chronic pelvic pain syndrome have chronic genitourinary pain, the hallmark symptom of this syndrome, but also report urinary and sexual dysfunction,
4
both of which have a negative effect on the quality of life.
5
,
6
The prevalence rate of physician-diagnosed prostatitis in one U.S. community was 9%
7
; population-based surveys of symptoms estimate the prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms to be between 6 and 12%.
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In the majority of men whose symptoms persist . . .
Despite much research into cognitive ability as a selection tool and a separate large literature on the causes of voluntary turnover, little theoretical or empirical work connects the two. We propose ...that voluntary turnover is also a potentially key outcome of cognitive ability. Incorporating ideas from the person-environment fit literature and those regarding push and pull influences on turnover, we posit a theoretical connection between cognitive ability and voluntary turnover that addresses both why and how voluntary turnover is related to cognitive ability. Integrating data from 3 different sources, our empirical analyses support the theoretical perspective that the relationship between cognitive ability and voluntary turnover depends on the cognitive demands of the job. When the cognitive demands of a job are high, our findings support the hypothesized curvilinear relationship between cognitive ability and voluntary turnover, such that employees of higher and lower cognitive ability are more likely than medium cognitive ability employees to leave voluntarily. With regard to jobs with low cognitive demands, our data are more consistent with a negative linear relationship between cognitive ability and voluntary turnover, such that higher cognitive ability employees are less likely to leave voluntarily. We also examine the role of job satisfaction, finding that job satisfaction is more strongly linked to voluntary turnover in jobs with high cognitive demands.
This interdisciplinary study integrates economics- and psychology-based explanations to promote a clearer understanding of how employees respond to the pay-for-performance (PFP) system. By examining ...the combined performance predictions in the common, but rarely studied, situation in which employees do not meet expectations, we can more clearly view how economic rationality and psychological factors combine to explain employee behaviors in response to PFP. We test our hypotheses using unique longitudinal data from the health care industry. The theoretical insights contribute to a PFP theory that explains how and why PFP functions, and in doing so reconciles prior research inconsistencies.
We conduct a comprehensive review of the chief executive officer (CEO) succession literature and update a CEO succession typology that incorporated manuscripts published through 2014. Our review ...illustrates that most of our understanding of succession and related processes stems from research based primarily in macro research traditions. We highlight ways that scholars can develop deeper understandings of CEO successionprocesses by capitalizing on knowledge and practices that are visible from more micro lenses such as industrial and organizational (IO) psychology, human resources (HR), and organizational behavior (OB). Specifically, we advocate applying lessons about recruitment, training, fit, culture, selection, turnover, human capital resources, and decision making from IO psychology, HR, and OB research to extend our understanding about CEO succession and board decision making.
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) in men is principally defined by pain in the pelvic region lasting more than 3 months. No cause of the disease has been established, and ...therapies are empirical and mostly untested. Antimicrobial agents and alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers are frequently used.
To determine whether 6-week therapy with ciprofloxacin or tamsulosin is more effective than placebo at improving symptoms in men with refractory, long-standing CP/CPPS.
Randomized, double-blind trial with a 2 x 2 factorial design comparing 6 weeks of therapy with ciprofloxacin, tamsulosin, both drugs, or placebo.
Urology outpatient clinics at 10 tertiary care medical centers in North America.
Patients were identified from referral-based practices of urologists. One hundred ninety-six men with a National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score of at least 15 and a mean of 6.2 years of symptoms were enrolled. Patients had received substantial previous treatment.
The authors evaluated NIH-CPSI total score and subscores, patient-reported global response assessment, a generic measure of quality of life, and adverse events.
Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg twice daily; tamsulosin, 0.4 mg once daily; a combination of the 2 drugs; or placebo.
The NIH-CPSI total score decreased modestly in all treatment groups. No statistically significant difference in the primary outcome was seen for ciprofloxacin versus no ciprofloxacin (P = 0.15) or tamsulosin versus no tamsulosin (P > 0.2). Treatments also did not differ significantly for any of the secondary outcomes.
Treatment lasting longer than 6 weeks was not tested. Patients who had received less pretreatment may have responded differently.
Ciprofloxacin and tamsulosin did not substantially reduce symptoms in men with long-standing CP/CPPS who had at least moderate symptoms.
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