Objective
To determine the impact of CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2‐metabolized antipsychotic drugs in humans by means of systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Method
A ...systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases as of June 26, 2018. Studies reporting the pharmacokinetic parameters of CYP1A2‐metabolized antipsychotic drugs in individuals who were genotyped for CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms were retrieved. Pharmacokinetic parameters of individuals who have mutant alleles of a CYP1A2 genetic polymorphism were compared with the wild‐type individuals. Pooled‐effect estimates, presented as standardized mean difference, were calculated by means of the fixed‐effect or random‐effects model, as appropriate.
Results
Ten studies involving 872 clozapine users, seven studies involving 712 olanzapine users, and two studies involving 141 haloperidol users were included. All but one study reported no associations between any CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms and the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2‐metabolized antipsychotic drugs. The pooled‐effect estimates through meta‐analyses of seven studies demonstrated no significant associations between the ‐163C>A or ‐2467delT polymorphism and clozapine or olanzapine concentrations in the blood.
Conclusions
This study suggests that CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms have no significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of CYP1A2‐metabolized antipsychotic drugs. CYP1A2 genotyping may have no clinical implications for personalized dosing of CYP1A2‐metabolized antipsychotic drugs.
Ultrafast spectroscopies have become an important tool for elucidating the microscopic description and dynamical properties of quantum materials. In particular, by tracking the dynamics of nonthermal ...electrons, a material's dominant scattering processes can be revealed. Here, we present a method for extracting the electron-phonon coupling strength in the time domain, using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES). This method is demonstrated in graphite, where we investigate the dynamics of photoinjected electrons at the Formula: see text point, detecting quantized energy-loss processes that correspond to the emission of strongly coupled optical phonons. We show that the observed characteristic time scale for spectral weight transfer mediated by phonon-scattering processes allows for the direct quantitative extraction of electron-phonon matrix elements for specific modes.
Superconductivity and charge density waves (CDWs) are competitive, yet coexisting, orders in cuprate superconductors. To understand their microscopic interdependence, a probe capable of discerning ...their interaction on its natural length and time scale is necessary. We use ultrafast resonant soft x-ray scattering to track the transient evolution of CDW correlations in YBa
Cu
O
after the quench of superconductivity by an infrared laser pulse. We observe a nonthermal response of the CDW order characterized by a near doubling of the correlation length within ≈1 picosecond of the superconducting quench. Our results are consistent with a model in which the interaction between superconductivity and CDWs manifests inhomogeneously through disruption of spatial coherence, with superconductivity playing the dominant role in stabilizing CDW topological defects, such as discommensurations.
Summary
Isoflavones have a structure similar to 17β-estradiol, so they may be useful to postmenopausal women in preventing bone loss related to estrogen deficiency. The present study integrated the ...findings from 63 randomized controlled trials and found that isoflavone interventions may have benefits in the prevention and treatment of menopause-related osteoporosis.
Purpose
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of isoflavone interventions on bone density outcomes and the safety of isoflavone interventions in postmenopausal women by means of systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods
A systematic search was performed on three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library). Included studies were limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of isoflavone intervention on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Mean difference (MD) in BMD or relative risk for adverse outcomes was used as a summary effect measure; pooled-effect estimates were calculated using a random-effects model.
Results
A total of 63 RCTs, involving 6427 postmenopausal women, were included in the meta-analysis. Statistically significant differences in BMD at the last follow-up visit between the two groups (isoflavones vs. control) were found at the lumbar spine (MD = 21.34 mg/cm
2
, 95% CI = 8.21 to 34.47 mg/cm
2
,
p
= 0.001), the femoral neck (MD = 28.88 mg/cm
2
, 95% CI = 15.05 to 42.71 mg/cm
2
,
p
< 0.0001), and the distal radius (MD = 19.27 mg/cm
2
, 95% CI = 5.65 to 32.89 mg/cm
2
,
p
= 0.006). The positive effects in improved BMD were primarily associated with two formulations, i.e., genistein 54 mg/day and ipriflavone 600 mg/day. Isoflavone interventions were generally safe and well tolerated.
Conclusion
Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular, have beneficial effects on BMD outcomes and are safe in postmenopausal women. They may be considered as a complementary or alternative option in the prevention and treatment of menopause-related osteoporosis.
In spintronics, the two main approaches to actively control the electrons' spin involve static magnetic or electric fields. An alternative avenue relies on the use of optical fields to generate spin ...currents, which can bolster spin-device performance, allowing for faster and more efficient logic. To date, research has mainly focused on the optical injection of spin currents through the photogalvanic effect, and little is known about the direct optical control of the intrinsic spin-splitting. To explore the optical manipulation of a material's spin properties, we consider the Rashba effect. Using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES), we demonstrate that an optical excitation can tune the Rashba-induced spin splitting of a two-dimensional electron gas at the surface of Bi
Se
. We establish that light-induced photovoltage and charge carrier redistribution - which in concert modulate the Rashba spin-orbit coupling strength on a sub-picosecond timescale - can offer an unprecedented platform for achieving optically-driven spin logic devices.
•Acetyl cedrene; a safety assessment based on RIFM's criteria.•A safety assessment based on 7 human health endpoints plus environmental.•All endpoints were cleared using target data, read-across, ...and/or TTC.
In this paper, for the first time we demonstrate that horizontally stacked gate-all-around (GAA) Nanosheet structure is a good candidate for the replacement of FinFET at the 5nm technology node and ...beyond. It offers increased W eff per active footprint and better performance compared to FinFET, and with a less complex patterning strategy, leveraging EUV lithography. Good electrostatics are reported at L g =12nm and aggressive 44/48nm CPP (Contacted Poly Pitch) ground rules. We demonstrate work function metal (WFM) replacement and multiple threshold voltages, compatible with aggressive sheet to sheet spacing for wide stacked sheets. Stiction of sheets in long-channel devices is eliminated. Dielectric isolation is shown on standard bulk substrate for sub-sheet leakage control. Wrap-around contact (WAC) is evaluated for extrinsic resistance reduction.
Single Goss grains were globally grown in magnetostrictive Galfenol thin sheets via an abnormal grain growth (AGG) process. The sample behaves like single crystal Galfenol, exhibiting large ...magnetostriction along the 〈100〉 axes. Small variations in surface energy conditions, which were governed by different flow rates of 0.5% H2S gas in argon during annealing, had a significant impact of the development of AGG. AGG with a fully developed Goss (011) grain over 95% of the sample surface is very reproducible and feasible for a broad range of annealing conditions. In addition, the 〈100〉 orientation of the single-crystal-like Galfenol sheet aligns exactly with the rolling direction, and produces magnetostriction values of ∼300 ppm. AGG often produces isolated grains inside Goss grains due to anisotropic properties of grain boundaries. To better understand island formation mechanisms, grain orientation and grain boundary characteristics of island grains in Goss-oriented Galfenol thin sheets were also investigated. We examined samples annealed either under an argon atmosphere or under a sulfur atmosphere, and characterized the observed island grain boundaries in terms of grain misorientation angles. Trends in measured and simulated data on misorientation angles indicate that the presence of (001) island grain boundaries with angles higher than 45° can be explained by the high energy grain boundary (HEGB) model, whereas (111) boundaries with intermediate angles (20°-45°) cannot. The role of low energy coincident site lattice (CSL) boundaries on AGG in both annealing cases was found to be negligible.
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