Transverse junction buried heterostructure laser diodes using an MQW active layer have been successfully fabricated by an entire MOVPE. The employed MQW has five undoped GaAs wells, every thickness ...being 110 Å. While the barriers were undoped Al
0.3
Ga
0.7
As, each of thickness 190 Å. Further, several processes for fabricating the devices were improved. These TJ-BH MQW laser diodes displayed CW operation at room temperature with a threshold current of 9.5 mA and high uniformity of laser characteristics. Furthermore, they also exhibited extremely low capacitance, i.e., less than 0.05 pF at zero bias voltage.
We have carried out a systematic experimental study of the longitudinal-mode characteristics of 980-nm laser diodes with a weakly index-guided buried-stripe structure at high optical output powers. ...For comparison, we have prepared devices with 1.5- and 2.5-/spl mu/m cladding layers. We found large differences in the longitudinal-mode characteristics and light output linearity between the two types of devices. We think that these differences result from whether or not there is coupling between the ordinary laser-mode and an unusual substrate-mode. In addition, our results show an improvement in laser diode characteristics when the substrate-mode is suppressed.
The decision-making approach is one of the dominant approaches in the current international politics literature. At the same time, there are many competing decision-making models, and as a result ...researchers of international affairs give a rather chaotic impression. In order to reduce the chaos, this article proposes to clarify the linkage between foreign policy decision-making models and reality, by two processes.The first process clarifies the characteristics of existing foreign policy decision-making models around two features of models: their scope based on the functionality of the model, and their explanatory power. As a result, five models (actually eight models) are found in the literature. These models are: intergovernmental politics, interorganizational politics, intragovernmental politics, domestic politics, and transnational politics.The second process analyzes issues in Japanese diplomatic relations based on three characteristics: the environment of policy actors who decide the policy, the goals and methods for problem solving, and the results of problem solving. It then explores the extent to which the above five models can be applied to diplomatic issues with these three characteristics.The results of this research may be used as a reference for applying models to the study of Japanese foreign policy.
...it is quite common for borrowers to end up with large amounts of debt that cannot be repaid, forcing transfers of infrastructure control to China. ...if you use Chinese-made weapons, you will ...become dependent on the supply of parts from China. In a recent case of Yemen’s Houthis attacking vessels navigating in the Red Sea, India dispatched more than 10 vessels to rescue ships at various locations. ...the Indian military has had only weak anti-submarine capabilities.
Since Russia invaded Ukraine, however, cooperation with India has suffered. ...it is important to note that Kishida’s plan was aimed at getting the Global South on the side of the Quad. With economic ...growth, the Global South has increasing clout and can no longer be ignored.
Robert D. Putman suggests that the politics of many international negotiations can be captured within the context of a two-level game. Level I is the bargaining phase between the negotiators, leading ...to a tentative agreement, and Level II is the ratification phase within each domestic constituency. The requirement that any Level I agreement must, in the end, be ratified at Level II imposes a crucial theoretical link between the two levels. The important concept of the two-level games model is a “win-set”, defined as the set of potential agreements that would be ratified by domestic constituencies. Three sets of factors are especially important as determinants of win-set size: Level II preferences and coalition; Level II institutions; Level I negotiator's strategies. This article is an attempt to examine the utility of the two-evel games approach through Uruguay Round agricultural negotiations between the United States and the European Community as a case study. The unsure win-set in the EC was largely responsible for the breakdown of the December 1990 negotiating conference in Brussels, scheduled to finalize a new GATT agreement by the accepted deadline of December 31, 1990. As EC's CAP reform had not realized at the time, the relationship between EC offers for the reduction of agricultural subsidies and CAP reform were not sure. At the end of 1992, however, the expansion of each win-set made possible the agricultural agreement between the U. S. and EC (the 1992 Blair House agreement). Both negotiators from the U. S. and the EC demonstrated an understanding of the others' interests and concessions in realizing the CAP reform in the EC. In 1993, the EC decided that “renegotiation” with the U. S. would lead to ratification in the EC since France had been pressing for changes of the Blair House agreement. Finally, a new farm agreement was realized by concessions from each side. Especially, the EC persuaded France by providing the possibility of taking “financial” measures as side-payments, if the GATT agreement. entailed supplementary restraints for the reformed CAP. Putnam's two-level games “model” is an outgrowth of his analysis of the Seven-Power Summits. Consequently, we must pay attention to several points to apply his model to agricultural problems. Firstly, although the reform of the GATT rules about agri-trade needs to include the reform of domestic agricultural policy, these policy processes seem to be autonomous. Secondly, negotiators who participate in Level I are not monolithic. And finally, the sense of a game is so intense that Putnam's model is apt to disregard the philosophical differences about agriculture. However, if we use this model, while regarding such issue characteristics, it will be convenient. Sufficiently useful.
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