This short review article provides the reader with a summary of the history of organic conductors. To retain a neutral and objective point of view regarding the history, background, novelty, and ...details of each research subject within this field, a thousand references have been cited with full titles and arranged in chronological order. Among the research conducted over ~70 years, topics from the last two decades are discussed in more detail than the rest. Unlike other papers in this issue, this review will help readers to understand the origin of each topic within the field of organic conductors and how they have evolved. Due to the advancements achieved over these 70 years, the field is nearing new horizons. As history is often a reflection of the future, this review is expected to show the future directions of this research field.
Since the pioneering work concerning organic semiconductors in the middle of the 1900s, organic conductor research has experienced a series of milestones, from metallic to superconducting ...charge-transfer complexes (1980s–1990s) ...
The smart utilization of photons is paid global attention from the viewpoint of renewable energy and information technology. However, it is still impossible to store photons as batteries and ...condensers do for electrons. All the present technologies utilize (the energy of) photons in situ, such as solar panels, or in spontaneous relaxation processes, such as photoluminescence. If we can store the energy of photons over an arbitrary period and utilize them on demand, not only we will make an innovative progress in energy management, but we will also be able to replace a part of electrons by photons in the information technology for more efficient performance. In this article, we review a prototype of such a material including the current status of related research as well as where we are heading for.
Some countries have reported a post-pandemic resurgence in syphilis prevalence, but trend data in the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (WHO-WPRO), including Japan, are severely ...lacking. Thus, the present study compares the number of syphilis cases before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in some WHO-WPRO countries. In addition, temporal trends in the number of syphilis cases in Japan pre- and post-pandemic are described. Annual numbers of syphilis cases during the study periods from China, New Zealand, Australia and Japan were compared. Annual trends of the numbers of syphilis cases during the same study periods were examined in Japan. In 2020, the number of syphilis-positive cases decreased in all four countries. In 2021, though, China, Australia and Japan all showed an increase in the numbers of syphilis cases. However, the rate of increase in China (+2.8%) and Australia (+4.8%) was low compared to Japan (+36.0%). The number of syphilis cases in New Zealand in 2021 was 12.6% lower than in 2020. In 2022, the number of cases of syphilis in China was 7.4% lower than in 2021. The increase of syphilis-positive cases was approximately 6.3-fold higher in Japan compared to Australia (+66.2% vs. +10.5%) in 2022. In conclusion, post-pandemic resurgence of syphilis occurred in Australia and Japan, but not in China and New Zealand. The reason for the substantial increase in syphilis-positive cases in Japan remains unclear. Post-pandemic, prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections still require attention.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
The impact of infection on the prognosis of trauma patients according to severity remains unclear. We assessed the impact of infection complications on in-hospital mortality among patients ...with trauma according to severity. This retrospective cohort study used a nationwide registry of trauma patients. Patients aged ≥ 18 years with blunt or penetrating trauma who were admitted to intensive care units or general wards between 2004 and 2017 were included. We compared the baseline characteristics and outcomes between patients with and without infection and conducted a multivariable logistic regression analysis to investigate the impact of infection on in-hospital mortality according to trauma severity, which was classified as mild Injury Severity Score (ISS) < 15, moderate (ISS 15–29), or severe (ISS ≥ 30). Among the 150,948 patients in this study, 10,338 (6.8%) developed infections. Patients with infection had greater in-hospital mortality than patients without infection 1085 (10.5%) vs. 2898 (2.1%),
p
< 0.01. After adjusting for clinical characteristics, in-hospital mortality differed between trauma patients with and without infection according to trauma severity 17.1% (95% CI 15.2–18.9%) vs. 2.9% (95% CI 2.7–3.1%),
p
< 0.01, in patients with mild trauma; 14.8% (95% CI 13.3–16.3%) vs. 8.4% (95% CI 7.9–8.8%),
p
< 0.01, in patients with moderate trauma; and 13.5% (95% CI 11.2–15.7%) vs. 13.7% (95% CI 12.4–14.9%),
p
= 0.86, in patients with severe trauma. In conclusion, the effect of infection complications in patients with trauma on in-hospital mortality differs by trauma severity.
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