Water shortages resulting from increased demand or reduced supply may be addressed, in part, by redirecting recycled water for irrigation, industrial reuse, groundwater recharge, and as effluent ...discharge returned to streams. Recycled water is an essential component of integrated water management and broader adoption of recycled water will increase water conservation in water-stressed coastal communities. This study examined spatial patterns of recycled water use in Florida in 2009 and 2015 to detect gaps in distribution, quantify temporal change, and identify potential areas for expansion. Databases of recycled water products and distribution centers for Florida in 2009 and 2015 were developed by combining the 2008 and 2012 Clean Water Needs Survey databases with Florida’s 2009 and 2015 Reuse Inventory databases, respectively. Florida increased recycled water production from 674.85 mgd in 2009 to 738.15 mgd in 2015, an increase of 63.30 mgd. The increase was primarily allocated to use in public access areas, groundwater recharge, and industrial reuse, all within the South Florida Water Management District (WMD). In particular, Miami was identified in 2009 as an area of opportunity for recycled water development, and by 2015 it had increased production and reduced the production gap. Overall, South Florida WMD had the largest increase in production of 44.38 mgd (69%), while Southwest Florida WMD decreased production of recycled water by 1.68 mgd, or 3%. Overall increase in use of recycled water may be related to higher demand due to increased population coupled with public programs and policy changes that promote recycled water use at both the municipal and individual level.
We briefly assess approaches used to date for the estimation of the longitudinal integral turbulence scale
L
u
x
in the near-neutral atmospheric surface layer, and propose an approach based on recent ...theory and measurements. A closed-form expression is derived according to which
L
u
x
is proportional to the height
z
above the surface. The factor of proportionality depends upon two non-dimensional parameters: the measured lowest Monin frequency
f
s
for which the non-dimensional spectrum conforms to Kolmogorovs two-thirds law, and the ratio
β
=
u
2
¯
/
u
∗
2
, where
u
2
¯
and
u
∗
denote the mean square value of the longitudinal velocity fluctuations and the friction velocity, respectively.
Graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) were synthesized by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition of propane (
C
3
H
8
)
employing Ni (salen) powder without the introduction of a substrate. The ...graphitic nature of the GNFs was examined by an X-ray diffraction method. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that GNFs were stacked on top of one another and had a high aspect ratio. Transmission electron microscopy studies suggested that the GNFs were made up of a number of crystalline graphene layers, some of which were even single crystalline as evident from the selected area diffraction pattern. Finally, Raman spectroscopy confirmed the high quality of the GNFs.
The purpose of this research is to get information from the student's skill in which problem solving ability in emergency response of flood in their area, using quantitative descriptive research ...method to describe phenomenon of phenomenon that happened, by taking 100 students each education level become respondent 300 Student. Floods can be seen that students are accustomed to flooding, so they know what to do before the flood comes, such as lifting or adding durable goods, preparing rice for disaster and medicines that are considered very important and personal to the family. Knowledge of disaster mitigation in this aspect of school students' knowledge is not appropriate already existed early because disaster in a region has unique characteristics. Activities undertaken aim to reduce the loss of property and human casualties due to hazards and ensure losses are also minimal in the event of a disaster. Includes readiness and mitigation. Similarly knowledge of waste, for knowledge management Aspects Student attitudes toward disaster preparedness can be seen from attitudes toward pre-disaster planning. The students' attitude states that the plan, where they will stay when the floods come. Natural disasters often cause casualties, therefore need to be rescued in case of disaster, such as rescue action to be done. If a natural disaster has occurred, the first step to take is selfpreservation. Some rescue steps in case of disaster. People who work together in disasters, the role of parents is considered to have a wise attitude in predicting future disaster preparations to be faced. Therefore, parents need education and increase their awareness and understanding of the importance of disaster preparedness and disaster risk reduction. Thus, messages on disaster risk reduction and preparedness on the environmental aspects of knowledge for students are informed of the factors that cause floods in their areas, and the physical and social environment impacts on them. Aspects of attitude, they know what to do and how tendency if the flood disaster comes. Finally, students are also able to solve problems in accordance with the ability to think tailored to the characteristics of the social environment of the family and society and the physical environment where he lived.
The relation between the conservation of active site residues and the molecular mechanism of aminoacylation reaction is an unexplored problem. In the present paper, the influences of the conserved ...active site residues on the reaction mechanism as well as the electrostatic potential near the reaction center are analyzed for Histidyl tRNA synthetase from
Escherichia coli,
Thermus thermophilus and
Staphylococcus aureus. While the primary structures show both convergence as well as divergence, the secondary level structures of the active sites of the three species show considerable conservation in the respective structural organizations. The conserved active site residues near the reaction center, which have a major role in the reaction mechanism and catalysis, retain their specific position and orientation relative to the substrate in the three species. In order to understand the influence of different conserved and nonconserved residues near the reaction center, two different models are considered. First, a large model of active site with the substrates, Mg
2+ ions and water is constructed in which the first shell residues (including both conserved as well as nonconserved) near the reaction center are studied. From the large model, a smaller model is constructed for reaction path modeling individually for three species. Validation of the smaller model is carried out by comparing the energy surfaces of large and small models as a function of reaction coordinates. Further, the electrostatic potential near the reaction center for the large and small model are compared. The transition state structures of the activation step of aminoacylation reaction for
E. coli,
T. thermophilus and
S. aureus are calculated using the combined
ab-initio/semi-empirical calculation. The similarity of the energy profiles as a function of the relevant reaction coordinate and the orientation of the catalytic residue, Arg259, indicate that the reaction mechanisms are identical which are guided by the strikingly similar structural pattern formed by conserved residues for three species. The energy surfaces have close resemblance in three species and present a clear perspective that how the reaction proceeds with the aid of different conserved residues. The study of electrostatic potential confirms this view. The present study provides an understanding of the relationship between the conservation of residues and the efficient reaction mechanism of aminoacylation reaction.
Display omitted
► A QM/MM study of the aminoacylation reaction in three species is carried out. ► The reaction is observed to follow a common reaction pathway for the three species. ► Conserved structural patterns are noted in aminoacylation reaction. ► The mechanism is dependent on conserved active site residues in close proximity of the reactants.
The State of West Bengal supports a wide variety of wetlands covering freshwater, brackish water, and coastal wetlands, both natural and manmade wetlands. The Directorate of Fisheries, Government of ...West Bengal estimated at 3,111,92.52 ha which include river, canal, beel/ baor, and reservoir. A list of a total of 61 cultivated and culturable species occurring in freshwater and brackish water wetlands of West Bengal is provided. Another list of 21 crustacean fishery species occurring in coastal wetlands is added in this communication along with their local names, size, occurrence, and utilization from coastal areas of West Bengal. Export of a freshwater prawn species, Macrobrachium rosenbergi (De Man) and a brackish water prawn species, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) are highlighted. It is suggested that relevant Government agencies, local administration, educational institutions, individual experts and NGOs need to act closely on various approaches and issues of mutual interest towards aquacultural development and better management of larger wetlands of West Bengal.
Aminoacylation is a vital step in natural biosynthesis process of peptide and is the key step in correlating the realm of protein with the RNA world. Incorrect aminoacylation might lead to ...misacylation of
d-amino acid in the tRNA which might cause synthesis of a hetero-peptide rather than natural homopeptide leading to the altered functionality of the peptide. However, the accuracy of this process is remarkable and leads to the attachment of the correct enantiomer of the amino acid with their cognate tRNA. Thus, the chiral discrimination is stringent. In the present work, we presented a combined ONIOM (
ab initio/semi-empirical) study of the chiral discrimination in the first step of aminoacylation reaction based on a model of crystal structure of the oligomeric complex of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS) from
Escherichia coli complexed with ATP and histidinol and histidyl-adenylate. The study reveals that the molecular mechanism of the chiral discrimination involves the amino acid, ATP as well as surrounding residues of the synthetase. Several factors are noted to be responsible for discrimination and explain the high level of stereospecificity of the process. The chirality of the amino acid of the substrate and its (principally) electrostatic interaction with the ATP is important for discrimination. The distance and orientational changes involved in the approach of the
d-His towards the ATP is energetically unfavorable. The charge distributions on the His and ATP are important for the discrimination. Removal of the charges in the model drastically reduces the discrimination. Restricted nature of the mutual orientation within the cavity of the active site where the His and ATP are located during the change in orientation for the approach to form the adenylate makes the resultant interaction profile as different for
l-His and
d-His also influences chiral discrimination. The analysis of the transition state structure revealed that alteration of the chirality of the His destabilize the transition state by removing the favorable electrostatic interaction between the Glu-83 and NH
3
+ group of the His substrate. The proximity of the surrounding residues as present in the active site of the synthetase with the His and ATP (the separation is of nanometer range) has influence of discrimination. The study provides a molecular mechanism of the retention of biological homochirality.
PDF
