Of all the numerous nanosized extracellular vesicles released by a cell, the endosomal-originated exosomes are increasingly recognized as potential therapeutics, owing to their inherent stability, ...low immunogenicity, and targeted delivery capabilities. This review critically evaluates the transformative potential of exosome-based modalities across pharmaceutical and precision medicine landscapes. Because of their precise targeted biomolecular cargo delivery, exosomes are posited as ideal candidates in drug delivery, enhancing regenerative medicine strategies, and advancing diagnostic technologies. Despite the significant market growth projections of exosome therapy, its utilization is encumbered by substantial scientific and regulatory challenges. These include the lack of universally accepted protocols for exosome isolation and the complexities associated with navigating the regulatory environment, particularly the guidelines set forth by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This review presents a comprehensive overview of current research trajectories aimed at addressing these impediments and discusses prospective advancements that could substantiate the clinical translation of exosomal therapies. By providing a comprehensive analysis of both the capabilities and hurdles inherent to exosome therapeutic applications, this article aims to inform and direct future research paradigms, thereby fostering the integration of exosomal systems into mainstream clinical practice.
The extensive utilization of fossil fuel energy has caused severe degradation to our environment, therefore the search for new clean efficient energy is the need of the hour. Photocatalytic ...conversion of CO2 to solar fuels, and artificial photosynthesis, offer a promising solution for the energy crisis and global warming. Improving efficiency in the photo-reduction of CO2 to fuels involves developing highly efficient catalysts and optimizing photoreactor configuration. Photocatalysis is a process in which light radiations having energy equal to or greater than the band gap energy (Ebg) of a semiconductor strikes on its surface and generates electron (e−) hole(h+) pairs. The photogenerated electrons and holes participate in various oxidation and reduction processes to produce final products. This field focuses on harnessing solar energy to drive the conversion of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon fuels, showcasing significant potential for sustainable energy solutions. The global methanol market was valued at $30.9 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach $38 billion by 2028, growing at 4.2 % CAGR during the forecast period. For determining the feasibility of reactions on a larger scale, simulations must be performed at different conditions for obtaining higher conversion and cost-effective management of the process at the industrial level. So, a simulation of methanol photoreactors using different software was done to examine the kinetics of methanol reactors by employing ASPEN, DWSIM, and MATLAB software for simulating experimental data.
•The impact of varied composition of gases in flue gas on large-scale methanol is optimised.•The kinetics for maximal methanol production were simulated by optimizing various parameters.•The impact of light radiation and photon adsorption in different photoreactors was analysed.•COMSOL simulation explored catalyst concentration impact on LVREA in annular reactor.
αA- and αB- crystallins are the two principal components of the α-crystallin family of heat shock proteins which exhibit chaperone activity as well as cyto-protective function. It is well known that ...α-crystallin binds to misfolded or unfolded proteins and prevents their aggregation. The interactions of various proteins, such as methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA), galectin-related interfiber protein (GRIFIN), histones and creatine kinase enzymes with α- crystallin may be deduced from their changes in abundance in the cell. The alterations in the abundance of histone proteins with a loss of normal chaperone function of α-crystallin suggest their importance in the biochemical mechanisms of hereditary cataract formation. Various proteomic and mass spectrometric methods have been utilised to elucidate the relationships between ɑ-crystallin chaperone function, substrate binding and retinal disorders such as hereditary cataract, retinal neurodegenerative diseases and other systemic disorders and inflammation. A special emphasis on such interactions and in vivo protective roles of α-crystallin, under normal and pathological conditions, may highlight the potential of crystallins as therapeutic agents.
