Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) constitutes the most prevalent form of abnormal respiratory control during sleep in adults. Evidence linked OSA to cardiovascular disease, and the role of OSA in ...abnormal Blood Pressure (BP) control has been extensively studied. Although longitudinal trials suggest a causative role of OSA in the development of hypertension, the evidence is not fully consistent. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) applied during sleep is well documented and a highly efficient therapeutic aid to eliminate OSA. It has been repeatedly shown that nCPAP-therapy is also associated with modest BP lowering effect in hypertensive OSA-patients, and the magnitude of the observed effect correlates with the severity of OSA. However, it is unlikely that nCPAP would normalize BP.
There are few studies which tested the interplay between OSA, nCPAP and certain BPlowering drug classes. Angiotensin receptor blockers may show synergistic hypotensive effect with nCPAP, whereas mineralocorticoid receptor blocker has been shown to modestly attenuate the severity of OSA. Additionally, the application of chronotherapy may be of special use in such patients. The current evidence is sufficient to promote persistent and effective nCPAP-therapy as a standard in all eligible OSA-patients with difficult-to-control hypertension.
Abstract
This paper describes a novel way to measure, process, analyze, and compare respiratory signals acquired by two types of devices: a wearable sensorized belt and a microwave radar-based ...sensor. Both devices provide breathing rate readouts. First, the background research is presented. Then, the underlying principles and working parameters of the microwave radar-based sensor, a contactless device for monitoring breathing, are described. The breathing rate measurement protocol is then presented, and the proposed algorithm for octave error elimination is introduced. Details are provided about the data processing phase; specifically, the management of signals acquired from two devices with different working principles and how they are resampled with a common processing sample rate. This is followed by an analysis of respiratory signals experimentally acquired by the belt and microwave radar-based sensors. The analysis outcomes were checked using Levene’s test, the Kruskal–Wallis test, and Dunn’s post hoc test. The findings show that the proposed assessment method is statistically stable. The source of variability lies in the person-triggered breathing patterns rather than the working principles of the devices used. Finally, conclusions are derived, and future work is outlined.
Wake-up stroke constitutes up to 1/4 of all ischaemic strokes; however, its pathomechanisms remain largely unknown. Although low nocturnal blood flow may be the underlying cause, little is known ...about blood pressure (BP) characteristic of wake-up stroke patients. The aim of our study was to look for differences in BP variables between wake-up stroke and known-onset stroke patients and to seek BP indices which could distinguish wake-up stroke patients from other stroke patients.
In the study, we included ischaemic stroke patients in whom office BP measurement and Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) were recorded at day 7, after acute hypertensive response. The daytime period was defined as the interval from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. From ABPM, we obtained parameters of BP variability. Additionally, we calculated the BP percentage differences defined as (supine office BP-average daytime BP)/average daytime BP for systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure. We calculated analogous indices for night-time. The univariate and multivariate relationships between BP variables and wake-up stroke were analysed.
Among the recruited 120 patients (aged 61.6 ± 12.3; 88 73% males; the baseline National Institutes of Health stroke scale score 4 3-8), 36 (30%) had wake-up stroke. In a univariate analysis, the systolic and mean daytime and night-time BP differences were significantly lower in patients with wake-up stroke (−1.92 (−11.55 to 3.95) vs 4.12 (−2.48 to 11.31), p = 0.006 and −6.20 (−12.32 to 7.42) vs 2.00 (−6.86 to 11.65), p = 0.029 for daytime, respectively; 0.00 (−9.79 to 11.82) vs 9.84 (0.00 to 18.25), p = 0.003 and 0.51 (−8.49 to 12.08) vs 7.82 (−2.47 to 20.39), p = 0.026, for night-time, respectively. After adjustment for possible confounders, the systolic BP difference remained significantly associated with wake-up stroke (odds ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval = 0.92-1.00, p = 0.039).
The subacute office-ambulatory BP difference including the dynamic (systolic BP), but not static BP component was independently associated with wake-up stroke.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Primary aldosteronism is one of the most frequent causes of secondary arterial hypertension, and whether primary aldosteronism is associated with masked hypertension is unknown.
We describe a ...64-year-old man with a history of hypothyroidism, recurring hypokalaemia, and normal home and office blood pressure values. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring revealed masked hypertension with strikingly high systolic blood pressure variability and typical hypertension-mediated organ damage.
The patient required gradual escalation of antihypertensive medication to four drugs. During the diagnostic process we identified primary aldosteronism, cobalamin deficiency, severe obstructive sleep apnoea, and low baroreflex sensitivity (1.63 ms/mmHg). Following unilateral adrenalectomy, cobalamin supplementation and continuous positive airway pressure, we observed a spectacular improvement in the patient's blood pressure control, baroreflex sensitivity (4.82 ms/mmHg) and quality of life.
We report an unusual case of both masked arterial hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Elevated blood pressure values were masked in home and office measurements by coexisting hypotension which resulted most probably from deteriorated baroreflex sensitivity. Baroreflex sensitivity increased following treatment, including unilateral adrenalectomy. Hypertension can be masked by coexisting baroreceptor dysfunction which may derive from structural but also functional reversible changes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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