The following contribution discusses the bilateral relations between Yugoslavia and the Federal Republic of Germany since the end of the state of war between these countries in 1951 until the ...attainment of the Slovenian independence. It focuses on the time before the attainment of the Slovenian independence; when Yugoslavia was, in the eyes of the Federal Republic of Germany, a kind of a “special case or Sonderfall”, which is why it was treated differently as the other socialist states, especially those that belonged to the Eastern Bloc. Throughout all of this time, the relations between the states were good, we could even say friendly, despite certain unsolved questions (e.g. the issue of the reparations for the Nazi war crimes). They were at their best in the times of social democratic governments in which Willy Brandt participated, while Slovenian politicians played a major role in the bilateral relations. This later contributed to the fact that the Federal Republic of Germany played what was perhaps the most important role in the attainment of the Slovenian independence and its recognition.
The article alters or amends the previous realisations about the life of Field Marshall Svetozar Boroević von Bojna. At the same time it also attempts to provide answers to certain dilemmas arising ...from his biography. It discusses the questions and dilemmas like: was he a hero or bon vivant? Was he Croatian or Serbian, born in Mečenčani or Umetić? When was he ennobled, in 1902 or 1905? Was he a baron at all? It also clarifies which decorations of the Order of Maria Theresa he received and when.
The following contribution focuses on the peculiarities of the post-war retaliation of the Yugoslav/Slovenian authorities against those members of the German national minority in Slovenia who ...remained in Slovenia after the war. It is written on the basis of German and Austrian archive materials. These sources define the three peculiarities of the retaliation: swift executions, deportation of the German-speaking population across the »green border« to Austria, and the alleged deportation to other parts of Yugoslavia and Soviet Union.
ABSTRACT IN SLOVENE: V clanku je orisana vloga slovenskih diplomatov v drugi Jugoslaviji pri izvajanju jugoslovanske zunanje politike do obeh nemskih drzav. Prikazana je predvsem dejavnost vidnih ...slovenskih diplomatov - politikov Dusana Kvedra, Alesa Beblerja, Rudija Cacinovica in Mitje Vosnjaka, omenjeni pa so tudi Anton Vratusa, Stane Pavlic in Jaka Avsic. Avtor ugotavlja, da je bilo v okviru jugoslovanske diplomacije in odnosov z nemsko govorecim prostorom opazno mesto namenjeno prav slovenskim diplomatom. Mozno je celo domnevati, da so diplomatska mesta v sosednjih drzavah, Avstriji in Italiji, ter v Nemciji, domala po pravilu v Beogradu dodeljevali slovenskim diplomatom. Najbrz gre tudi za vprasanje poznavanja jezika, saj naj bi bila nemscina Slovencem (in Hrvatom) blize kot drugim v Jugoslaviji. // ABSTRACT IN ITALIAN: L'articolo illustra il ruolo dei diplomatici sloveni nel secondo dopoguerra jugoslavo nell'attuazione della politica estera jugoslava all'interno dei rapporti con entrambi gli stati tedeschi. In particolar modo viene descritta l'attivitá dei diplomatici sloveni di maggior rilievo - dei politici Dusan Kveder, Ales Bebler, Rudi Cacinovic e Mitja Vosnjak, per non dimenticare l'azione svolta anche da Anton Vratusa, Stane Pavlic e Jaka Avsic. L'Autore osserva che, nell'ambito della diplomazia jugoslava e delle relazioni con l'area di lingua tedesca, proprio ai diplomatici sloveni venne assegnato un ruolo di particolare importanza. E' lecito addirittura pensare che gli incarichi diplomatici nei Paesi confinanti, quali Austria, Italia e Germania, fossero affidati da Belgrado, quasi di norma, a diplomatici sloveni. Si può supporre che la scelta fosse determinata anche dalla conoscenza della lingua, poiché sembra che il tedesco fosse molto più familiare agli sloveni (e ai croati) che agli altri popoli jugoslavi. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: By investigating the activities of Slovene diplomats in the two German states, the author points to the turbulent political-economic relations of Yugoslavia with both German states FRG and GDR between 1949 and 1973, focusing on the period after mid-1950s. Despite the fact that in the second half of the 1950s the Yugoslav foreign minister was a brilliant Serbian diplomat Koca Popovic, it was Slovene diplomats, among them especially deputy foreign minister Ales Bebler, who were involved extensively in the German issues in the Belgrade `zuta kuca'/`yellow house' (used colloquially for the foreign ministry in Belgrade), especially in the problems occuring at the breaking off of diplomatic relations with FRG. Moreover, the first Yugoslav ambassador in GDR was a Slovene, Mitja Vosnjak. Knowing that the Yugoslav embassy in Prague had an important role in establishing diplomatic relations with GDR (it was the place for diplomatic `feeling the ground', while the person appointed for these contacts was councillor to the embassy, the second man of the embassy, Marko Kadunec, a Slovene) and knowing that colonel general Jaka Avsic - the leader of the post-war Yugoslav military mission with a diplomatic status and headquarters in West Berlin, which when needed dealt also with the political problematic in question - was also Slovene, it seems that in this period at least the realisation, if not the planning of the Yugoslav politics toward the German question was in the hands of Slovenes. The author thus gives a lengthy description of the activities of Slovene diplomats Dusan Kveder and Rudi Cacinovic, who were Yugoslav ambassadors in Bonn in those ground-breaking years. The former was active in the time of the implementation of the so called Hallstein Doctrine, which resulted in the breaking off of diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and FRG because Yugoslavia in October 1957 recognized the GDR; the latter in 1968, when diplomatic relations were restored. His role was especially significant in the following years when certain key issues of relations between the states were being addressed (and some were solved), such as: the question of compensation for Nazi crimes during World War II, the question of the emigration hostile to Yugoslavia, and the question of the so called Yugoslavian `gastarbeiters'. Since it is difficult to have a thorough understanding of relations between Yugoslavia and FRG without knowledge of the relations between SFRY and GDR, the author has also tapped into these relations and delineated the role of the first Yugoslav ambassador in GDR, Mitja Vosnjak. The author concludes his article with the following insight: `Even this brief and undoubtedly incomplete investigation of the activities of certain Slovene diplomats in relation to the formation and realisation of Yugoslav politics toward both Germanys clearly points to their enormous and successful contribution to the normalisation and development of bilateral relations. Career diplomats of this sort are needed in every country.'
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
