This multicenter, assessor, blinded, randomized study was conducted to confirm and extend a pilot study in which intramuscular rapacuronium was given to infants and children to confirm efficacy and ...to evaluate tracheal intubating conditions.
Ninety-six pediatric patients were studied in two groups: infants aged 1 to 12 months (n = 46) and children aged 1 to 3 yr (n = 50). Infants received 2.8 mg/kg and children 4.8 mg/kg of intramuscular rapacuronium during 1 minimum alveolar concentration halothane anesthesia. These two groups were studied in three subgroups, depending on the time (1.5, 3, or 4 min) at which tracheal intubation was attempted after the administration of intramuscular rapacuronium into the deltoid muscle. Neuromuscular data collected included onset time, duration of action, and recovery data during train-of-four stimulation at 0.1 Hz. Data were analyzed by the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel procedure.
The tracheal intubating conditions were deemed acceptable in 17, 36, and 64% of infants and 20, 47, and 71% of children at 1.5, 3, or 4 min, respectively. The mean values for % of control twitch height (T1) 2 min after rapacuronium in both groups were similar. The mean (SD) time required to achieve more than or equal to 95% twitch depression in infants was 6.0 (3.7) versus 5.5 (3.8) min in children.
Only 27% of patients achieved clinically acceptable tracheal intubating conditions at 1.5 or 3 min after administration of 2.8 mg/kg and 4.8 mg/kg rapacuronium during 1 minimum alveolar concentration halothane anesthesia. Tracheal intubation conditions at 4 min were acceptable in 69% of subjects. The duration of action of 4.8 mg/kg of rapacuronium in children was longer than 2.8 mg/kg of rapacuronium in infants.
Studies using pharmacologic inhibitors have implicated the enzyme aldose reductase in the pathogenesis of albuminuria and diabetic renal disease. However, a clear conclusion is not easily drawn from ...such studies since these pharmacologic inhibitors have nonspecific properties. To examine further the role of aldose reductase, we have overexpressed the human enzyme in a transgenic rat model. Transgene expression in the kidney was predominantly localized to the outer stripe of the outer medulla, compatible with the histotopography of the straight (S3) proximal tubule. The effect of enzyme overexpression on diabetes-induced renal function and structure was then investigated. Contrary to what may have been anticipated from the previous enzyme inhibition studies, diabetes-induced albuminuria was completely prevented by the overexpression of aldose reductase. No effect of overexpression of aldose reductase on renal structure nor on urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was observed in this transgenic rat model. In conclusion, our study strongly suggests that multiple roles for aldose reductase may give it a more complex place in diabetic nephropathy than is currently recognized.
Locomotion techniques for robotic colonoscopy Kassim, I.; Phee, L.; Ng, W.S. ...
IEEE engineering in medicine and biology magazine,
05/2006, Letnik:
25, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Colonoscopy has become a routine procedure in many hospitals all over the world for colon cancer diagnosis. This review article discusses the work done by researchers in the quest to automate the ...colonoscopy procedure. In vitro and in vivo experimentation have been carried out to prove the possibilities of a robot crawling along a patient's colon, treating polyps as they are encountered. Locomotion is an essential part of robotic colonoscopy. The robot must be able to propel itself from the anus right up to the cecum without damaging the colon walls. The challenge is to design a robust locomotion technique that is able to advance through the stretchable, slippery, and mobile colon, which is always in its collapsed stage, in three-dimensional orientation. The authors believe that in the future, conventional colonoscopy will be revolutionized, giving way to robotics to assist doctors in colonoscope manipulation and performing therapeutic procedures and leaving doctors to concentrate on the diagnostic aspect of the procedure, which would encourage mass screening as more patients can be evaluated per session.
Cultural intelligence Ng, Kok-Yee; Earley, P Christopher; Triandis, Harry C ...
Group & organization management,
02/2006, Letnik:
31, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Abstract
Age-related differences in stopover ecology of migrant songbirds are poorly understood. We compared body mass, fat scores, and rates of mass gain of adults and immatures of 52 species of ...birds during autumn migration stopover at Long Point, Ontario, Canada, on the north shore of Lake Erie. Mean body mass of adults was greater than that of immatures in the majority of species with a detectable difference, but the average difference across species was only 1%. Fat scores were also higher for adults in many species, suggesting that mass differences were due to differences in condition rather than body size. Mean rate of mass gain, estimated from changes in body mass of first captures over the course of the day, did not differ significantly between adults and immatures of most species. However, the power to detect differences was low. Averaged across species (n = 117 903 birds), the estimated rate of mass gain for adults was 10% higher than that for immatures, but with 95% confidence limits ranging from 12% lower to 32% higher. The observed differences in body mass could be produced by a small difference in rate of mass gain. Small differences in body mass and rate of mass gain between immatures and adults could indicate that young passerines rapidly develop similar foraging skills to those of adults, or that young birds are not particularly disadvantaged at Long Point either because of good food supply, or because there is little need to accumulate large amounts of fat in the early stages of migration.
Diferencias Dadas por la Edad en la Masa Corporal y la Tasa de Aumento de Masa de Aves Paserinas durante Escalas Migratorias Otoñales
Resumen. La ecología de las aves canoras migratorias de diferentes edades en sus sitios de descanso es poco conocida. Comparamos la masa corporal, los niveles de grasa y la tasa de aumento de masa de adultos e inmaduros de 52 especies de aves durante escalas migratorias otoñales en la costa norte del Lago Erie, Long Point, Ontario, Canadá. La masa corporal de los adultos fue superior a la de los inmaduros en la mayoría de las especies, pero en promedio esta diferencia fue sólo del 1% para todas las especies. Los niveles de grasa también fueron mayores en adultos de muchas especies, lo que sugiere que las diferencias en masa se debieron a diferencias en la condición física y no al tamaño corporal de las aves. La tasa media de aumento de masa, estimada a partir de cambios en la masa corporal de las primeras capturas en el curso del día, no difirió significativamente entre adultos e inmaduros para la mayoría de las especies, pero el poder de la prueba estadística para detectar diferencias fue bajo. Promediada para todas las especies (n = 117 903 aves), la tasa estimada de aumento de masa para los adultos fue superior en un 10% a la de los inmaduros, pero con intervalos de confianza del 95% fluctuando entre un mínimo de 12% y 32%. Las diferencias observadas en masa corporal pudieron ser producidas por una pequeña diferencia en las tasas de aumento de masa. Las pequeñas diferencias en la masa corporal y la tasa de aumento de masa entre inmaduros y adultos podrían indicar que las aves jóvenes desarrollan habilidades de forrajeo similares a las de los adultos rápidamente o que las aves jóvenes no están particularmente en desventaja en Long Point ya sea porque el alimento es abundante o porque no es necesario acumular grandes cantidades de grasa en las primeras etapas de la migración.
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