Tuberculosis transmission continues to be a major public health challenge. In this cluster-randomized, controlled trial conducted in Vietnam, active community-wide screening for tuberculosis over 4 ...years is shown to decrease the prevalence of tuberculosis.
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is an increasing problem worldwide, but particularly problematic in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) due to limitations of resources for ...surveillance of CRE and infection prevention and control (IPC).
A point prevalence survey (PPS) with screening for colonisation with CRE was conducted on 2233 patients admitted to neonatal, paediatric and adult care at 12 Vietnamese hospitals located in northern, central and southern Vietnam during 2017 and 2018. CRE colonisation was determined by culturing of faecal specimens on selective agar for CRE. Risk factors for CRE colonisation were evaluated. A CRE admission and discharge screening sub-study was conducted among one of the most vulnerable patient groups; infants treated at an 80-bed Neonatal ICU from March throughout June 2017 to assess CRE acquisition, hospital-acquired infection (HAI) and treatment outcome.
A total of 1165 (52%) patients were colonised with CRE, most commonly Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 805), Escherichia coli (n = 682) and Enterobacter spp. (n = 61). Duration of hospital stay, HAI and treatment with a carbapenem were independent risk factors for CRE colonisation. The PPS showed that the prevalence of CRE colonisation increased on average 4.2% per day and mean CRE colonisation rates increased from 13% on the day of admission to 89% at day 15 of hospital stay. At the NICU, CRE colonisation increased from 32% at admission to 87% at discharge, mortality was significantly associated (OR 5·5, P < 0·01) with CRE colonisation and HAI on admission.
These data indicate that there is an epidemic spread of CRE in Vietnamese hospitals with rapid transmission to hospitalised patients.
The striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, is a freshwater and benthopelagic fish common in the Mekong River delta. Catfish constitute a valuable source of dietary protein. Therefore, they are ...cultured worldwide, and P. hypophthalmus is a food staple in the Mekong area. However, genetic information about the culture stock, is unavailable for breeding improvement, although genetics of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been reported. To acquire genome sequence data as a useful resource for marker-assisted breeding, we decoded a draft genome of P. hypophthalmus and performed comparative analyses.
Using the Illumina platform, we obtained both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular phylogeny using the mitochondrial genome confirmed that P. hypophthalmus is a member of the family Pangasiidae and is nested within a clade including the families Cranoglanididae and Ictaluridae. The nuclear genome was estimated at approximately 700 Mb, assembled into 568 scaffolds with an N50 of 14.29 Mbp, and was estimated to contain ~ 28,600 protein-coding genes, comparable to those of channel catfish and zebrafish. Interestingly, zebrafish produce gadusol, but genes for biosynthesis of this sunscreen compound have been lost from catfish genomes. The differences in gene contents between these two catfishes were found in genes for vitamin D-binding protein and cytosolic phospholipase A
, which have lost only in channel catfish. The Hox cluster in catfish genomes comprised seven paralogous groups, similar to that of zebrafish, and comparative analysis clarified catfish lineage-specific losses of A5a, B10a, and A11a. Genes for insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling were conserved between the two catfish genomes. In addition to identification of MHC class I and sex determination-related gene loci, the hypothetical chromosomes by comparison with the channel catfish demonstrated the usefulness of the striped catfish genome as a marker resource.
We developed genomic resources for the striped catfish. Possible conservation of genes for development and marker candidates were confirmed by comparing the assembled genome to that of a model fish, Danio rerio, and to channel catfish. Since the catfish genomic constituent resembles that of zebrafish, it is likely that zebrafish data for gene functions is applicable to striped catfish as well.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background and objective
Data on the prevalence of anti-tuberculous drug resistance and its association with genetic mutations in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
are limited. Our study explores the ...genomics of tuberculosis in Ca Mau, Vietnam.
Methods
Patients ≥15 years in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam, were screened annually for tuberculosis between 2014 and 2017. Isolates underwent drug susceptibility testing (DST) using the breakpoint method. DNA was extracted and whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed.
Results
We identified 365 positive sputum cultures for
M. tuberculosis
and processed 237 for DST and 265 for WGS. Resistance to isoniazid was present in 19.8% (95% CI 14.7 to 24.9%), rifampicin in 3.5% (1.1 to 5.7%) and ethambutol in 2.5% (0.9 to 5.4%) of isolates. Relevant mutations in
rpoB
gene were detected in 3.8% (1.8 to 6.8%).
katG, inhA
or
fabG1
mutations were found in 19.6% (15.0 to 24.9%) with
KatG
being most common at 12.8% (9.1–17.5%). We found 38.4% of isolates were of Beijing lineage, 49.4% East-African-Indian lineage and 8.4% European-American lineage. There were no associations between resistance profiles and clinical features.
Conclusion
The high burden of isoniazid resistance and the
katG
mutation highlights the challenges facing Vietnam in its efforts to achieve its EndTB goals.
JC virus (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised patients. The prevalence and genotype patterns of JCV vary between different geographical regions. This study was ...done to investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of JCV in patients with hematological malignancies in Vietnam. A total of 48 urine samples were collected from patients with hematological malignancies. DNA was extracted and detection of JCV was by nested‐polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis was obtained and a phylogenetic tree was constructed for genotyping of JCV. Twenty‐seven (56.25%) urine samples tested positive for JCV. JCV genotype 7 was only observed in this study. Subtype analysis showed that JCV subtype 7A was the most commonly prevalent, followed by 7B1 and 7C1. Other subtypes were not detected in this population. There were no significant differences associated with age, gender, and biochemical parameters between patients with JCV and without JCV excretion in urine. The present study showed a high prevalence of JCV in the urine of patients with hematologic malignancies. The most common genotype found in this population was JCV subtype 7A.
Salinity intrusion is a complex issue in coastal and estuarine areas. Currently, remote sensing techniques have been widely used to monitor water quality changes, ranging from inland river networks ...to deep oceans. The Vietnamese Mekong Delta is an important rice-growing area, and intrusion of saline water into irrigated freshwater-based agriculture areas is one of the most crucial constraints for agriculture development. This study aimed at building a numerical model to realize the salinity intrusion through the relationship between reflectance from the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager images and salinity levels measured in situ. A total of 103 observed samples were divided into 50% training and 50% test. Multiple Linear Regression, Decision Trees and Random Forest (RF) approaches were applied in the study. The result showed that the RF approach was the best model to estimate salinity along the coastal river network in the study area. However, the large samples size needed was a significant challenge to circumscribe predicting ability of the RF model. The reflectance has a good correlation with salinity when locations (latitude-longitude) of salinity measured stations were added as a parameter of the Step-wise model with R-square 77.48% in training and 74.16% in test while Root Mean Square Error was smaller than 3.
•The cumulative live birth rate after ICSI was similar in couples with severe male factor infertility or normozoospermia.•The number of good-quality embryos did not differ significantly between ...severe male factor infertility and normozoospermic male.•Transfer of cleavage-stage embryo(s) was a significant (negative) predictor of cumulative live birth.
This study evaluated embryological and clinical outcomes in couples with severe male factor infertility versus those with normozoospermia undergoing ICSI and in vitro fertilisation.
This multicentre, retrospective cohort study included all couples who had undergone autologous ICSI cycles at My Duc Hospital and My Duc Phu Nhuan Hospital in Vietnam between January 2018 and January 2021 (female age < 35 years and males with severe male factor or normozoospermia based on the World Health Organization 2010 criteria). The primary outcome was the cumulative live birth rate after the first ICSI cycle.
A total of 1296 couples were included, including 648 with severe male factor infertility and 648 with normozoospermia. The number of two pronuclei zygotes, embryos, and frozen embryos was significantly lower in couples with severe male factor infertility compared with normozoospermia (p < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to cumulative pregnancy outcomes, including the live birth rate, and secondary outcomes including clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, and miscarriage rate.
Severe male factor infertility appeared to have an impact on the fertilisation and early developmental potential of embryos, but sperm quality did not affect cumulative clinical fertility outcomes.
We developed a novel real-time PCR assay that simultaneously evaluates 11 major nucleos(t)ide antiviral (NA) drug resistance mutations (mt) in chronic hepatitis B patients (CHB), including L180M, ...M204I/V, and V207M (lamivudine LMV resistance), N/H238A/T (adefovir ADF resistance), which are circulating in Vietnam; and T184G/L, S202I, and M250V (entecavir ETV resistance) and A194T (tenofovir resistance), which have been recently reported in several studies across the globe. We detected drug-resistant mt in hepatitis B virus (HBV) samples using our predesigned panel of allele-specific locked-nucleic acid (LNA) probes. Our assay had a high sensitivity of 5% in a low-HBV DNA population of ≥5 × 10
IU/ml and was validated in a cohort of 130 treatment-naive children and 98 NA-experienced adults with CHB. Single-point mt for LMV and ADF resistance were detected in 57.7% and 54.1% of the child and adult samples, respectively, with rtV207M (children, 42.3%; adults, 36.7%) and rtN238T/A (children, 15.4%; adults, 16.3%) being the most frequent mt in these populations. Multiple-point mt, including rtL180M-rtM204V- rtN238A and rtL180M-rtM204I, were identified in only two children, resulting in LMV-ADF resistance and reduced ETV susceptibility. In conclusion, this assay accurately identified the mt profile of children (98.4%) and adults (91.2%) with CHB, which is comparable to established methods. This fast and sensitive screening method can be used for the detection of major NA-resistant mt circulating in developing countries, as well as providing a model for the development of similar mt-detection assays, especially for use in nonhospitalized patients who need their results within half a day, before starting treatment.
In 2016, extreme drought and saline intrusion led to widespread damage and livelihood disruption for many people in the coastal region of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Through an integrated multi-step ...approach of literature and stakeholder analysis, focus group discussions and interviews with local governments and farmers, an understanding of the local water governance systems and their functioning is gained, providing insight into the power, interest and responsibility of multiple agencies. Development of more responsive and inclusive water governance systems, with improved early warnings and information flows during extreme events, is needed to improve the resilience and adaptation of the region.
Global value chains and the CPTPP Chang, Pao‐Li; Nguyen, Phuong T. B.
World economy,
December 2022, Letnik:
45, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The CPTPP, or the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership, is an example of a ‘mega‐regional’ free trade agreement, whose provisions on the rules of origin and trade ...facilitation can potentially have large impacts on CPTPP‐wide supply chains. In this paper, we analyse how intensively the CPTPP members participate in the global value chain (GVC), whether they have stronger linkages with members than with non‐members, the position of the members in the global and regional network, and whether the CPTPP members are key upstream and downstream trade partners to each other. We develop formulas of GVC position, and importance of bilateral upstream and downstream partners, based on the gross‐export decomposition framework of Koopman et al. (2014, American Economic Review, 104, 459) and Borin and Mancini (2017).
PDF
