A longitudinal design where the questionnaire was completed at a pretest and predictive ability evaluated with a 1-year follow-up. A second sample was employed to provide a replication.
The aim of ...the study was to validate a short form of the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire (ÖMSPQ).
Several studies demonstrate the research and clinical utility of the ÖMSPQ. Calls have been made for a shorter form that requires less time in administering.
The short version was constructed by taking two items from each of the five factors shown to have predictive power. It was then tested against the long form in two samples of people with musculoskeletal pain where one reflects an occupational health care population (N = 324) and the other a primary care population (N = 183) thus providing a built-in replication. All participants completed the ÖMSPQ and were then followed over the course of a year to evaluate disability as measured by sick leave.
The correlation between the short and long forms was 0.91. The receiver operating characteristic curve was nearly identical for the long and short versions of the questionnaire (e.g., primary care sample: 0.84 vs. 0.81; occupational sample: 0.72 vs. 0.70). Of those who developed disability, a cutoff of 50 on the short version identified 85% in the occupational and 83% in the primary care samples which was nearly as good as the full version.
The short form of the ÖMSPQ is appropriate for clinical and research purposes, since it is nearly as accurate as the longer version.
Abstract Self-efficacy beliefs in people with chronic pain have been assessed either by reference to confidence in ability to perform specific tasks or to confidence in performing more generalised ...constructs like coping with pain. Both approaches reflect aspects of the original conceptualisations of self-efficacy and both have proved useful, but it is noteworthy that confidence in performing activities in the context of pain is rarely addressed. An important element in the original formulations of self-efficacy referred to persistence in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. In this context, self-efficacy beliefs for people experiencing chronic pain might be expected to incorporate not just the expectation that a person could perform a particular behaviour or task, but also their confidence in being able to do it despite their pain. This aspect of the self-efficacy construct has been included in a measure for people with chronic pain, the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ). The accumulated evidence from a number of published studies and a confirmatory analysis with a large cohort of heterogeneous chronic pain patients attending a pain management program provide support for the PSEQ’s original psychometric properties developed with a sample of chronic low back pain patients. The importance of taking the context of pain into account in the assessment of self-efficacy beliefs in pain populations and the ways in which this measure can be used to improve the assessment of people experiencing chronic pain, before and after treatment, are examined.
Abstract
This article summarizes the many initiatives and achievements of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) in pain education worldwide since 1973. These range from major ...events such as the World Congress on Pain that attracts thousands of attendees to the more intimate and focused Pain Schools and Pain Camps. The article describes how education has been a key focus of IASP since its inception and how IASP has responded to its members' desire for access to the latest knowledge about pain and evidence-based pain treatments. The unique contribution of IASP to the study of pain is reflected in its consistent focus on a biopsychosocial approach to pain, the promotion of interactions between basic scientists and clinicians, as well as multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaborations. Details of these rich offerings can be found on the IASP web site, and this article provides a guide for those seeking to access them.
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) typically presents in advanced stages of disease and has a dismal prognosis. One of the foremost reasons for this is the lack of available systemic therapies, with ...mitotane remaining the backbone of treatment since its discovery in the 1960s, despite underwhelming efficacy. Surgery remains the only potentially curative option, but about half of patients will recur post-operatively, often with metastatic disease. Other local treatment options have been attempted but are only used practically on a case-by-case basis. Over the past few decades there have been significant advances in understanding the molecular background of ACC, but this has not yet translated to better treatment options. Attempts at novel treatment strategies have not provided significant clinical benefit. This paper reviews our current treatment options and molecular understanding of ACC and the reasons why a successful treatment has remained elusive. Additionally, we discuss the knowledge gaps that need to be overcome to bring us closer to successful treatment and ways to bridge them.
Chronic pain is a major source of suffering. It interferes with daily functioning and often is accompanied by distress. Yet, in the International Classification of Diseases, chronic pain diagnoses ...are not represented systematically. The lack of appropriate codes renders accurate epidemiological investigations difficult and impedes health policy decisions regarding chronic pain such as adequate financing of access to multimodal pain management. In cooperation with the WHO, an IASP Working Group has developed a classification system that is applicable in a wide range of contexts, including pain medicine, primary care, and low-resource environments. Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for more than 3 months. In chronic pain syndromes, pain can be the sole or a leading complaint and requires special treatment and care. In conditions such as fibromyalgia or nonspecific low-back pain, chronic pain may be conceived as a disease in its own right; in our proposal, we call this subgroup "chronic primary pain." In 6 other subgroups, pain is secondary to an underlying disease: chronic cancer-related pain, chronic neuropathic pain, chronic secondary visceral pain, chronic posttraumatic and postsurgical pain, chronic secondary headache and orofacial pain, and chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain. These conditions are summarized as "chronic secondary pain" where pain may at least initially be conceived as a symptom. Implementation of these codes in the upcoming 11th edition of International Classification of Diseases will lead to improved classification and diagnostic coding, thereby advancing the recognition of chronic pain as a health condition in its own right.
The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is an established 10-item measure of pain self-efficacy that is widely used in clinical and research settings. However, a shorter measure would reduce ...patient and researcher burden and save valuable time in busy clinical settings. The aim of this study was to develop and confirm the psychometric properties of a valid and reliable 2-item short form of the PSEQ (PSEQ-2). We used a large sample of 1,418 chronic pain patients, which we randomly split into 2 smaller groups. We identified the 2 short-form items in Sample 1 and confirmed their properties in Sample 2. In order to identify the 2 items for the short-form measure, we selected the first item based on the highest item-total correlation. The second item was identified after a series of additional analyses. The 2 items identified from the PSEQ reflected confidence in one's ability to work and lead a normal life despite pain. The PSEQ-2's validity and internal consistency were found to be sound. Test-retest reliability, sensitivity to change, and convergent validity were confirmed in a separate patient sample (n = 140) that had recently completed an intervention designed, in part, to modify self-efficacy beliefs. The PSEQ-2 appears to be a robust measure of pain self-efficacy.
Pain self-efficacy is a belief in one's ability to carry out activities even when in pain and is important in coping effectively with pain. A short measure of pain self-efficacy was developed and evaluated. It appears to be suitable for use in clinical and research settings.
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