The inclusion of agro-industry by-products originated from corn ethanol production has increased in animal nutrition in Brazil, reducing formulation costs. In the literature, there is no consensus on ...how the high inclusion of de-oiled wet distillers grains can affect beef quality and the expression of lipogenic genes in Longissimus muscle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of WDG in the diet of F1 Angus-Nellore cattle on meat quality characteristics, chemical composition and expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. A hundred F1 Angus-Nellore bulls, with average initial body weight (BW) of 369.5 ± 49 kg were used. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, and the animals were divided into two blocks (light and heavy) according to the initial body weight. The animals were fed diets containing levels of 0 (control), 15, 30 and 45% of WDG replacing dry corn and soybean meal. After 129 days of feedlot, the animals were slaughtered and samples of the
longissimus thoracis
(LT) muscle were collected for quality analyzes such as shear force (3, 10 and 17 aging days), color (luminosity, red, Chroma and Hue), cooking losses, pH and chemical composition (moisture, protein, lipids and ash contents). In addition, the expression of the
PPAR
α
, PPAR
γ
, SREBP-1c, SCD1, LPL, FABP4, FASN, ACOX, CPT2, GPX1
and
ACACA
genes was investigated in the LT muscle by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Data were analyzed using polynomial contrasts (linear, quadratic and control vs. WDG). There was no interaction (
P
> 0.05) between aging times and the inclusion of WDG in the diets on the meat quality (pH, cooking losses, coloration and tenderness). However, diets with increasing levels of WDG caused a linear reduction (
P
= 0.01) in the intramuscular fat of LT. The lipogenic genes
SCD1, PPAR
γ
, FASN
and
CPT2
were less expressed (
P
< 0.05) in response to the inclusion of WDG. These results suggest that the inclusion of WDG reduced the expression of lipogenic genes and consequently the marbling of LT muscle without affecting tenderness (shear force) and meat color traits.
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP, Bovaer, DSM Nutritional Products) at different levels in feedlot beef cattle diets on productive performance, ...biological efficiency, and methane (CH4) emissions. Thirty Nellore bulls (iBW, 407 ± 6 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatments with ten replicates (animal) per treatment. The animals were fed a high-concentrate feedlot diet for 87 days, according to the three treatments: 1) 0, Control (no addition of 3-NOP); 2) Bovaer75 (75 mg/kg DM of 3-NOP), 3) Bovaer100 (100 mg/kg DM of 3-NOP,). Gas emissions (CH4 and H2) were evaluated individually using the GreenFeed unit (C-Lock, USA), while the variables of dry matter intake (DMI) were evaluated using digital feeders (Intergado System, Brazil). Body weights of yearling bulls were recorded after 16-h fasting at the beginning and end of the experiment. Data were submitted to be analyzed using PROC MIXED from SAS 9.4, evaluated by orthogonal contrasts, with a significance level of 5%. Initial BW was used as a covariate when significant to adjust the statistic model. No differences on DMI (kg/d and %BW, P = 0.323) were observed between control animals and those fed with Bovaer. Animals fed with Bovaer75 had greater ADG than control and Bovaer100, (1.73 vs. 1.63 and 1.60 kg/d; P = 0.038 and P = 0.025, respectively) and better biological efficiency than control (⁓127.0 vs 135.3 kg DMI/15 kg carcass produced, P < 0.023). A similar result was observed for carcass gain, in which animals supplemented with Bovaer 75 had greater gains than the control. Animals fed 75 and 100 mg/kg DM of Bovaer emitted respectively 33.7% and 42.7% less methane per se (g/d, P < 0.01) compared with control, and additionally produced more hydrogen (P < 0.01) vs control. There were significant reductions in the measured methane yield in relation to DMI (CH4: DMI, P < 0.01) and methane intensity (CH4/ADG, P < 0.01) for animals fed the two levels of Bovaer, in comparison with the control, as well as a significant difference in the reduction of CH4 in relation to the biological efficiency for the animals fed with Bovaer (P < 0.01). We conclude that feeding Bovaer consistently reduces methane emission from feedlot cattle, in which the reduction intensity increased over the dosages evaluated in the current study.
Abstract
Concerns about the use of in animal feed antibiotics are growing. It is, therefore necessary to develop alternative products that can replace antimicrobial feed additives. Thus, our ...objective was to evaluate the effects of associating feed additives on feedlot performance of Nellore bulls. Nellore bulls (n= 160; iBW, 380± 5.8 kg; age, 18 mo) were allocated in 20 pens (n=8/pen), in a completely randomized block design, according to the treatments: 1) MON+VM - Sodium Monensin (MON, 25 mg/kg DM, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN), + Virginiamycin (VM, 30 mg/kg DM, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, São Paulo), and 2) CRD - Crina RumistarTM + HyD, a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/day (DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland). The initial BW was utilized as a criterion for block formation. Pens were considered experimental units (10 pens per treatment). Animals were adapted to the diets during 14 days with gradually increasing concentrate level from 70% to 86% of diet DM, and fed for 90 days. Weight assessments were performed at day 0 and 28 discounted by 4% from the full BW as ruminal fill. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and means were separated using the PDIFF statement, adopting P< 0.05. Feeding CRD increased the DMI (10.54 kg vs. 8.74 kg, P< .0001), ADG (2.00 vs. 1.59 kg/d, P< .0001) and final BW (430 vs. 418 kg, P< .0001) compared with animals fed MON+VM. The fluctuation in dry matter intake (4.55, P=0.24) and G:F (0.186, P=0.15) were similar among treatments. Therefore, the inclusion of Crina RumistarTM +HyD can be used as a tool to increase performance of feedlot adaptation period.
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the performance of Nellore cattle in intensive pasture finishing (TIP), fed for 96 days and submitted to different adaptation periods, aiming to reach 2% of BW ...of DMI concentrate (DMIc)/BW at the end of the adaptation period. A total of 240 Nellore bulls (iBW 359kg±5.02 kg; 20 mo) were distributed in randomized blocks, allocated in paddocks of 2.4 ha (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés; 10 animals/paddock), with two treatments with 12 replications (paddock as experimental unit). The treatments were: 1) 9 days on adaptation (ADAP9), 2% DMIc/BW on the 10th day; 2) 14 days on adaptation (ADAP14), 2% DMIc/BW on the 15th day. The animals were weighed fasting (± 16h) at the beginning, on day 28, and at the end of the experimental period, the DMIc was measured daily by the difference between offered and leftovers. Data were analyzed using the SAS ANOVA procedure at P< 0.05. Evaluating the period between the beginning and the 27th day, ADAP9 showed greater DMIc (6.9 vs. 6.5kg/d; P=0.009), greater DMIc/BW (1.8 vs. 1.7% BW; P =0.0043) and greater fluctuation in DMIc (9.4 vs. 5.9% DMIc/d; P< 0.001) compared with ADAP14. In the total fattening period, there was no difference between treatments (P >0.05), for DMIc (8.7 vs. 8.5 kg DM/d), DMIc/BW (2 vs. 2% BW), fluctuation in DMIc (4.91 vs. 4.31% DMIr/d), days to reach target (17 vs 20 d), ADG (1.3 vs. 1.3 kg/d), ADG/DMIc (0.127 vs. 0.128), fBW (483 vs. 484kg) and HCW (285 vs. 285kg). The use of an adaptation period of less than 14 days did not improve performance, and therefore would not be recommended.
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of including a mycotoxin deactivator on the productive performance of feedlot cattle for 96 days, fed a high concentrate diet. Nellore bulls (iBW, n ...= 48; 402 kg ±5.02 kg), were allocated in a collective pen with automatic troughs (Intergado, Brazil), randomly distributed in two treatments: 1) Control (CON), with no mycotoxin deactivator; 2) Mycofix Select 5.0 (Myc, Biomin, DSM Nutritional Products, 10g per animal/day). The animals were weighed fasting (±16h) at the beginning and end of the experiment and dry matter intake (DMI) was measured by electronic feeders (Intergado). The diets were analyzed for the presence of naturally occurring mycotoxins by enzyme immunosorbent test, Elisa – AgriQuant (Romer Labs) and the detected results were: Total aflatoxins (AF) < 2.0 μg/kg DM, fumonisins (B1+B2) 0.29 mg/kg DM, deoxynivalenol (DON) 0.38 mg/kg DM and trichotocenes (< 0.25 μg/ kg DM). Data were analyzed by SAS PROC ANOVA for p < 0.05. The MyC provision increased the final BW (561 vs 545 kg, P=0.0465), ADG (1.66 vs 1.50 kg/d, P=0.0458), HWC (317 vs 308 kg, P=0.0492) and the average daily gain in carcass (1.15 vs 1.05 kg/d, P=0.0455) with no effect on DM intake. The use of Mycofix Select 5.0 provided better performance and greater carcass production in Nellore cattle confined with a high concentrate diet with a natural presence of mycotoxins.
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the use of different feed additives in the performance of beef cattle in intensive pasture finishing (TIP), fed a high level of concentrate for 96 days. Nellore ...bulls (n = 120; iBW 359 kg, ±5.02 kg) were distributed in randomized blocks, allocated in paddocks of 2.4 ha (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés; 10 animals/paddock), with two treatments with 6 replications (paddock as experimental unit), adapted with increasing concentrate, with a target of 2% BW in concentrate DMI (DMIc) on the 10th day. The treatments were: 1) Sodium Monensin (MON), 26mg/Kg MS; 2) Crina, Rumistar + Hy-D, essential oil blend, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM + 25 hydroxy-vitamin D3, 1mg/animal/day). The animals were weighed fasting (± 16h) at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period, the DMIc was measured daily by the difference between the offered and the leftovers. Data were evaluated using Glimmix procedure of SAS, whereby means were separated using the PDIFF statement (P < 0.05). The use of CRD increased DMIc (9.1 vs. 8.2 kg/day, P=0.0034), DMIc/BW (2.14 vs 1.97% DMI/BW, p=0.0044), ADG (1.4 vs. 1.2 kg/day, P=0.0241), and final BW (492 vs. 473kg, P=0.0085). Likewise animals fed CRD had greater carcass ADG (1.2 vs 1.0 kg/day, P=0.0034), HCW (292 vs. 277kg, P=0.0121) and tended to have greater dressing % (58.56 vs 59.34, P = 0.07). Additionally, animals fed MON had greater fluctuation in DMIc (5.28% vs 4.53% day, p=0,0278), and took longer days to reach 2% BW in DMIc (22 vs. 12 days, P< 0.05). The use of Crina® RumistarTM + Hy-D® increases carcass production of bovines under intensive pasture finishing.
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of mineral source supplementation on performance of finishing cattle when fed a high-concentrate diet for 89 days. Angus-Nellore bulls (iBW, n = 32; ...472 ± 4.93 kg; age, 18 months) were randomly assigned to two treatments in a completely randomized design, with sixteen replicates per treatment (animal as experimental unit). The control group received a diet containing inorganic minerals (i.e. sulphates) and the other group were supplemented with carbo-amino-phospho-chelates (TM, Tortuga Minerals) as a source of Cr, Se, Zn, Mn, S, Cu and Co. The DM intake and weight of the animals variables were assessed individually using the respective digital devices, Intergado electronic feeders and the Bosch Precision Livestock platform placed in the feedlot pen. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and means were separated using PDIFF statement, adopting P< 0.05, and the initial BW as a covariate when significant. Supplementation with TM increased the ADG (1.74 vs. 1.55 kg/d, P< 0.01) and final BW (626.96 vs. 609.91kg, P< 0.01) compared with animals supplemented with inorganic sources. Likewise, animals supplemented with TM had better G:F (0.133 vs. 0.123 kg/kg, P< 0.05) and biological efficiency (146.41 vs 134,34 kg DMI/15 kg de carcass; P< 0.05), with no effect on DM intake (~12.94 kg, P=0.43). In addition, supplementation with TM increased final HCW in 13.44 kg (366.57 vs. 353.13 kg; P< 0.01) and carcass ADG in 0.15 kg/d (1.47 vs. 1.32 kg/d; P< 0.01). We conclude that supplementation with carbo-amino-phospho-chelates can be used as a tool to increase productive performance and efficiency by feedlot cattle.
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of feed additives on ruminal pH of finishing cattle fed a 90%-concentrate diet. Twenty four 18-mo Angus-Nellore crossbred bulls (IBW, 456 ± 6,5 kg) ...were allocated in a completely randomized design to three treatments with eight replicates each, as follows: 1) Control (MON) - Sodium Monensin (26 mg/kg DM, Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health); 2) Crina® RumistarTM (CR) - a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM) and 3) CR + HyD® (25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/d, CRD, DSM Nutritional Products). The ruminal pH and temperature was monitored individually for 98 days, using a wireless bolus, (SmaXtec Animal Care, Austria). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS and means comparison evaluated by Tukey test at P< 0.05. During adaptation period (i.e. first 14 days), bulls fed CR and CRD had increased rumen mean pH (6.40 and 6.36 vs. 6.16; P < 0.01) and minimum pH (5.89 and 5.87 vs. 5.57; P < 0.01) than bulls fed MON. In addition, rumen pH from bulls fed CR spent less time below 6.0 than bulls fed MON (256.07 vs. 452.62 min/d; P = 0.05). Regarding the total period, bulls fed MON had lower mean (6.22 vs. 6.51 and 6.42, P < 0.01) and minimum rumen pH (5.60 vs. 5.92 and 5.85, P < 0.01) than bulls fed CR and CRD. Additionally, feeding MON increased time duration of rumen pH (390.79 min/day, P < 0.01) and had a larger area below 6.0 (81.52 min x pH units/day; P < 0.01). Moreover, the addition of monensin increased pH time duration below 5.8 (161.10 vs. 121.13 and 122.56 min/day; P = 0.02) compared with CR and CRD, and increased ruminal temperature (39.60 vs. 39.51 and 39.5 °C; P < 0.01). We conclude that feeding Crina® RumistarTM and Crina® RumistarTM HyD® increased the rumen pH of bulls.
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of associating feed additives on feedlot performance of Nellore bulls. One hundred and sixtieth Nellore bulls (iBW, 380± 5.8 kg; age, 18 mo) were ...allocated in 20 pens (n = 8/pen), in a completely randomized block design, according to the treatments: 1) MON+VM - Sodium Monensin (MON, 25 mg/kg DM, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN), + Virginiamycin (VM, 30 mg/kg DM, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, São Paulo), and 2) CRD - Crina® RumistarTM + HyD® - a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/d (DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland). The initial BW was utilized as a criterion for block formation. Pens were considered experimental units (10 pens per treatment). Animals were adapted to the diets during 14 days with gradually increasing concentrate level from 70% to 86% of diet DM, and fed for 90 days. Weight assessments were performed at day 0 and 90 after 14h fasting. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and means were separated using the PDIFF statement, adopting P < 0.05. Feeding CRD increased the DMI (12.13 kg vs. 10.52 kg, P < 0.01), ADG (1.86 vs. 1.63 kg/d, P < 0.01) and final BW (542 vs. 521 kg, P < 0.01) compared to animals fed MON+VM. In addition, feeding CRD increased final HCW in 15 kg (311 vs. 296 kg; P < 0.01), carcass ADG in 0,16 kg/d (1.31 vs. 1.15 kg/d; P < 0.01) and dressing percentage in 0.48 percent points (57.34 vs. 56.86%; P < 0.01) compared to MON+VM. The G:F (0.155, P = 0.53) and biological efficiency (137.9 kg DM/15 kg carcass, P = 0.87) were similar among treatments. Therefore, the inclusion of Crina® RumistarTM +HyD® can be used as a tool to increase carcass gain of feedlot finishing cattle.
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) associated with different feed additives on performance, carcass characteristics and enteric methane (CH4) emissions. ...Twenty-seven Nellore bulls (initial BW, 410 ± 6 kg) were randomly allocated to three treatments with nine replicates per treatment (animal as experimental unit). The animals were fed a high-concentrate feedlot diet (R:C, 10:90) for 102 days, according with the following three treatments: 1) Control (CTRL): Sodium Monensin (26 mg/kg DM); 2) BOV: Control + 3-NOP (Bovaer;100 mg/kg DM); 3) BOVPERF (Bovaer Performance pack): Control + 3-NOP (100 mg/kg DM) + Essential oils (Crina Ruminants, 100 mg/kg DM) + 25-OH-Vitamin D3 (Hy-D, 0.10 mg/kg DM) + carbo-amino-phospho-chelate of chromium and zinc (0.4 and 60 mg/kg of DM, respectively). The gases emissions (CH4 and H2) and DMI variables were assessed individually, by using the GreenFeed and Intergado electronic system placed in the feedlot pen, respectively. The BW of Yearling bulls were recorded at the beginning and final of the experiment after 16-h fasting (Table). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4, in which means comparison were evaluated by Tukey test at P < 0.05. Feeding BOVPERF increased DM intake during adaptation period (P = 0.04), and over the total period (P < 0.01) compared with control with no difference on feed efficiency (P =0.61). There was no difference (P > 0.05) on DMI between CTRL and BOV. Animals fed BOVPERF had greater HCW (+13 kg, P = 0.04) and greater carcass ADG (+120 g/d, P = 0.04) compared with CTRL. Animals fed BOV and BOVPERF emitted 39% less CH4 (P < 0.01) and produced 292% more H2 (P < 0.01) compared with CTRL. In addition, there were significant reductions in methane intensity, as measured by the ratios CH4/kg DM (-42%; P < 0.01), and CH4/kg carcass ADG (-41.13%; P < 0.01) for animals fed with BOV and BOVPERF compared with CTRL. We conclude that feeding Bovaer performance pack reduces methane emissions and increases carcass production in feedlot beef cattle.
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