The present study is aimed to evaluate the chemical characterization and antimutagenic potential of propolis extracted in three different solvents (ethanol, polyethylene glycol and water). The ...chemical properties of different extracts of propolis were identified using HPLC-DAD and LC?MS/MS and polyethylene glycol extract of propolis were found to be richer than the ethanolic and water extracts of propolis considering chemical composition. In addition, the antimutagenic activities of propolis extracts were determined using Ames assay. The concentrations of 3, 1.5 and 0.75 mg plate-1 of ethanolic and polyethylene glycol extracts, as well as 0.3, 0.15 ? 0.075 mg plate-1 of water extract of propolis were used as active materials. Propolis extracted in three different solvents indicated strong antimutagenic activity against both 4-nitro- -o-phenylendiamine and sodium azide mutagens in the Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and 100 strains at all concentrations. Ethanolic extract of propolis had the highest inhibition rates for both bacterial strains and these rates were 98.94 and 97.37 % for TA98 and TA100, respectively. The inhibition rates of polyethylene glycol extract of propolis ranged from 68.27 to 98.94%. Moreover, it was determined that water extract of propolis had the lowest inhibition rates, which were 56.86 and 55.35% for TA98 and TA100, respectively. The toxicological safety of natural products such as propolis has gained great importance due to extensive usage.
There is an endless demand for livestock-originated food, so it is necessary to elucidate the hazard points for livestock breeding. Pathogens are one of the hazard points that threaten the ...biosecurity of farm-animal breeding and public health. As a potential foodborne pathogen,
is a member of the intestinal microbiota of farm animals with and without diarrhea.
spp. are capable of colonizing livestock intestines and are transmitted through the feces. Hence, they endanger slaughterhouses and milk products with fecal contamination. They also have other, rarer, vertical and horizontal transmission routes, including the offspring that abort in farm animals. Gastrointestinal symptoms and abort cases demonstrate potential financial losses to the industry. Viewed from this perspective, the global circulation of farm-animal products is a significant route for zoonotic agents, including
. In the last decade, worldwide prevalence of
in fecal samples has ranged from 0.8% in Italy to 100% in Turkey. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance is recognized as a new type of environmental pollutant and has become a hot topic in animal breeding and the food industry. Increasing antibiotic resistance has become a significant problem impacting productivity. The increase in antimicrobial resistance rates in
is caused by the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in livestock animals, leading to the acquiring of resistance genes from other bacteria, as well as mutations in current resistance genes. The most resistant strains are
,
, and
. This review analyzes recent findings from the past decade on the prevalence of
in the intestinal microbiota and the current effective antibiotics against
. The paper also highlights that
and
are found frequently in diarrheal feces, indicating that
should be studied further in livestock diarrheal diseases. Moreover,
-infected farm animals can be treated with only a limited number of antibiotics, such as enrofloxacin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin.
Staphylococci is an opportunistic bacterial population that is permanent in the normal flora of milk and poses a serious threat to animal and human health with some virulence factors and ...antibiotic-resistance genes. This study was aimed at identifying staphylococcal species isolated from raw milk and to determine hemolysis, biofilm, coagulase activities, and beta-lactam resistance. The raw milk samples were collected from the Düzce (Türkiye) region, and the study data represent a first for this region. The characterization of the bacteria was performed with MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The presence of
, and
was investigated with PCR. A nitrocefin chromogenic assay was used for beta-lactamase screening. In this context, 84 staphylococci were isolated from 10 different species, and the dominant species was determined as
(32.14%). Although 32.14% of all staphylococci were positive for beta hemolysis, the
gene was found in 57.14%,
in 46.42%,
in 15.47%, and
in 8.33%. As a result,
spp. strains that were isolated from raw milk in this study contained some virulence factors at a high level, but also contained a relatively low level of beta-lactam resistance genes. However, considering the animal-environment-human interaction, it is considered that the current situation must be monitored constantly in terms of resistance concerns. It must not be forgotten that the development of resistance is in constant change among bacteria.
Plants have very important chemical components, known as secondary metabolites, for the pharmaceutical industry, as well as for the chemical, cosmetics, and agricultural control industries. These ...secondary metabolites isolated from essential oils are used to obtain the raw material or fragrance component of the drug by semi-synthesis. For this reason, plants have been used to treat many diseases in the past, and their active ingredients are still used in medicine today. Each plant, each drug, contains differences owing to their natural structure. However, making the drug obtained from a plant a standard product is important in terms of using it as a medicine in treatment. Therefore, in our study, both the characterization of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative potential of
Melissa officinalis
were investigated. β-Citral (30.900%) was the main component of the essential oil. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of
M. officinalis
were found to be 923.33 μg/mL gallic acid equivalent and 1.650 μg/mL quercetin equivalent. The free radical scavenging percentage of
M. officinalis
was 42.17%.
M. officinalis
had antimicrobial activity against
Enterococcus faecalis
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
,
Escherichia coli
,
Staphylococcus aureus
, and
Candida parapsilosis.
In mouse fibroblast cells, the cell viability was found to be 87.50%, 88.235%, and 94.118% respectively, at low doses. In a human breast cancer cell line, it was observed that the cell viability at low concentrations was 77.861%, 85.40%, and 89.474% respectively. The inhibitory concentrations IC
50
of
M. officinalis
calculated for mouse fibroblast and human breast cancer cells in the GraphPad Prism 9.1.1 program were found to be 6229 and 4417 μg/mL respectively. In conclusion,
M. officinalis
has high bioactive secondary metabolites such as β-citral, β-caryophyllene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and
cis
-1,2-dihydroperillaldehyde, has strong antimicrobial activity, and inhibits viability on breast cancer cells.
There is an endless demand for livestock-originated food, so it is necessary to elucidate the hazard points for livestock breeding. Pathogens are one of the hazard points that threaten the ...biosecurity of farm-animal breeding and public health. As a potential foodborne pathogen, Aliarcobacter is a member of the intestinal microbiota of farm animals with and without diarrhea. Aliarcobacter spp. are capable of colonizing livestock intestines and are transmitted through the feces. Hence, they endanger slaughterhouses and milk products with fecal contamination. They also have other, rarer, vertical and horizontal transmission routes, including the offspring that abort in farm animals. Gastrointestinal symptoms and abort cases demonstrate potential financial losses to the industry. Viewed from this perspective, the global circulation of farm-animal products is a significant route for zoonotic agents, including Aliarcobacter. In the last decade, worldwide prevalence of Aliarcobacter in fecal samples has ranged from 0.8% in Italy to 100% in Turkey. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance is recognized as a new type of environmental pollutant and has become a hot topic in animal breeding and the food industry. Increasing antibiotic resistance has become a significant problem impacting productivity. The increase in antimicrobial resistance rates in Aliarcobacter is caused by the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in livestock animals, leading to the acquiring of resistance genes from other bacteria, as well as mutations in current resistance genes. The most resistant strains are A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii. This review analyzes recent findings from the past decade on the prevalence of Aliarcobacter in the intestinal microbiota and the current effective antibiotics against Aliarcobacter. The paper also highlights that A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are found frequently in diarrheal feces, indicating that Aliarcobacter should be studied further in livestock diarrheal diseases. Moreover, Aliarcobacter-infected farm animals can be treated with only a limited number of antibiotics, such as enrofloxacin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin.
Hidrojel bazlı cilt koruyucu örtüler yarayı çevreleyerek nemli bir ortam sağlamaları, emici özelliklerinin bulunması ve iyileşme sürecini hızlandırmaları açısından ciltte mevcut bir problemin onarımı ...ve tedavisi için sıklıkla tercih edilmektedir. Hidrojellerin doğal ürün ekstraktları ile kombinasyonu mevcut biyolojik aktivitelerini arttırıcı özellik taşımakla kalmayıp antimikrobiyal ilaçlara karşı direnç gelişiminin önüne geçmek, tedavinin sürecini kısaltmak ve tedavi masraflarını azaltmak açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada aljinat-agar kompleksi ile elde edilen hidrojellerin, Aloe vera, Plantago lanceolata (damar otu) ve propolis ekstraktları ile kombine edilerek akne tedavisinde etkili olma potansiyelleri in vitro olarak araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda doğal içerikli bu ekstraktların hepsinin test edilen bakteriler üzerinde inhibisyon zonu oluşturduğu, gram negatif bakterilerde en etkili ekstraktın Aloe vera ve %30 etanol içerikli damar otu olduğu, gram pozitif bakterilerde ise Aloe vera jel ekstraktının daha fazla inhibisyon zonu oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ekstrakt içeren tüm hidrojellerin ise bakteri içeren ortamlarda geniş inhibisyon bölgeleri oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Hidrojellerin biyouyumluluğu WST-1 testi ile araştırılmış ve herhangi bir toksisite gözlenmemiştir. Sonuç olarak elde edilen doğal içerikli hidrojellerin akne ve sivilce gibi infeksiyöz cilt problemlerinin tedavisinde etkili birer terapötik ajan olabilecekleri öngörülmektedir.
Hastalıklardan korunmada tekstil ürünlerin büyük rolü bulunmaktadır. Tekstil materyaller günlük hayatın birçok yerinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle son iki yıldır yaşanan covid-19 pandemisi ...tekstilin önemine daha da dikkat çekmiştir. Bununla birlikte “tekstil bizi salgınlardan koruyabilir mi?” sorusunu da gündeme getirmiştir. Bakterilerle dolu bir çevremiz olması, virüslerin bakterilere tutunarak saçılması ve nozokomiyal hastalıkların son yıllarda artış göstermesi, antimikrobiyal tekstil üretimine gereksinim olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı yapıdaki kumaşlara gümüş ve kuarterner amonyum tuz (QAS) apre uygulanması ve antimikrobiyal etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Kumaşlardan birisi %100 pamuk liflerden diğeri ise %100 poliester liflerden dokunmuştur. Uygulanan antimikrobiyal bitim işlemleri sonrası etkinlikleri AATCC 100 test metoduna göre belirlenmiştir. Kontrol olarak apre uygulanmamış kumaşlar aynı teste tabi tutulmuştur; ancak herhangi bir mikrobiyal inhibisyona rastlanmamıştır. Buna göre tüm gümüş apreli pamuk kumaşlarda etkinin diğerlerine oranla daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek inhibisyon oranı %99,03 ±0,49 olarak gümüş apreli pamuk kumaşta tespit edilmiştir. En düşük inhibisyon oranı ise QAS apreli poliester kumaşta %59,43 ±1,87 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kumaşların gram pozitif bakterilere karşı daha etkin olduğu görülmüştür. Aynı zamanda uygulanan apre işleminin kumaşlarda renk değişimi, pilling (boncuklanma) ve hidrofiliteye neden olup olmadığı da test edilmiş ve herhangi bir etki olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada farklı yapıdaki kumaşlara uygulanan antimikrobiyal bitim işlemlerinin yüksek etkinlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Çeşitli enfeksiyon hastalıklarındaki eradikasyon çalışmalarında, günümüz pandemisi ve hastane enfeksiyonları ile mücadelede antimikrobiyal tekstil sektörünün oldukça büyük bir yere sahip olduğu ve geliştirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
This study aimed to determine the presence, rate, and species distribution of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) in nasal swab samples from dogs and to investigate phenotypic and genotypic ...methicillin resistance. To this end, 21 (10.5%) CPS, including 7 (33.3%) S. aureus and 14 (66.6%) S. intermedius group (SIG), were isolated from nasal swab samples from 200 dogs. A total of 14 SIG members (100%) were also identified as S. pseudintermedius by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR). Phenotypic methicillin resistance was observed in 16 (76.19%) of the 21 CPS isolated from 200 dogs from 8 different clinics and shelters. To detect genotypic methicillin resistance, the presence of the mecA and mecC genes, responsible for methicillin resistance, was detected by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction method. The mecA gene was found in 8 (38.09%) of the 21 isolates. The mecC gene was not detected in any of the samples, including isolates showing phenotypic methicillin resistance. It was found that neither the presence of CPS nor the presence of the mecA gene was statistically correlated with age, sex, or antibiotic use in the previous year (p > 0.05). Furthermore, CPS and mecA-positive isolates were evaluated according to whether they were obtained from shelters or clinics. It was concluded that the source of the isolates was not important for our study (p > 0.05). Our findings suggest that phenotypic resistance detected in epidemiological studies should be confirmed by molecular methods. At the same time, the fact that mecC gene-positive staphylococcal isolates were not detected in our study is promising for Turkey.
Objective: Probiotics are an important part of the microbiota associated with many diseases. The production of food and food supplements containing probiotic products has increased considerably in ...recent years, due to their protective effect on health and antagonistic effect against some pathogenic microorganisms. However, it is unknown whether the content of these products has the expected effect. In this study was aimed to investigate the antagonistic effect of Probiotics & Prebiotics® commercial product.
Material-Method: The probiotic food supplement was obtained from Aym-Net®. Antagonistic effect of the product on 10 different test bacteria was investigated by the agar spot assay method. Also lyophilized probiotics were cultured in MRS broth medium and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 25 minutes in order to obtain metabolites that the probiotic microorganisms provide their effectiveness. Effect of probiotic supernatant on test bacteria were determined to disk diffusion test by CLSI. Each test bacteria combined with the probiotic product incubated at 37⸰C for 24 hours to determine the bacterial inhibition rate of product which analyzed using the Mann Whitney U test.
Results: Probiotic product inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes by (86 %), Y. pseudotuberculosis (82%), S. aureus (76%), E. coli (74%), S. Typhimurium (73%), P. aeruginosa (69%) and S. epidermidis (67%) respectively. The lowest antagonistic effect was detected against E. faecalis 44%. While probiotic product provided significant growth inhibition on 8 strains (p0.05).
Conclusion: It was concluded that antagonistic effect of probiotic food supplement on test bacteria. Therefore it may be beneficial to use in bacterial infections.
Çiğ sütün içerdiği mikroorganizma çeşitliliği ve bunların direnç profili potansiyel olarak insan sağlığı ve gıda endüstrisi için bir tehlike arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada sağlıklı hayvanlardan elde ...edilen süt örneklerinin patojen ihtivası yönünden incelenmesi, sütün yaygın kontaminantı Streptococcus spp. prevalansının ve antibiyotik direnç profillerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 249 süt örneğinden Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Lactococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterecoccus faecalis ve Macrococcus caseolyticus olmak üzere 358 izolat elde edilmiştir. Streptokok prevalansı %24.58 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Streptokok izolatlarının en fazla aminoglikozid sınıfına dirençli olduğu, ardından sırasıyla kinolon, tetrasiklin, makrolid, beta laktam, nitrofuran ve fenikole karşı direnç gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum çiğ süt tüketiminin gıda kaynaklı enfeksiyon için potansiyel bir risk olabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu nedenle tüketicilerin pastörize edilmemiş süt ve süt ürünlerinden kaçınması, çiğ sütlerin antibiyotik direnci yönünden daha fazla izlenmesi ve gerekli önlemlerin alınması gerektiği düşünülmüştür.
The variety of microorganisms contained in raw milk and their resistance profile potentially pose a danger to human health and the food industry. This study was aimed to investigate pathogen content of milk samples obtained from healthy animals and the prevalence of Streptococcus, a common contaminant of milk, and antibiotic resistance profiles. In total, 358 isolates, including Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Lactococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterococcus faecalis and Macrococcus caseolyticus, were obtained from 249 milk samples. The prevalence of streptococci was found 24.58%. Streptococcal isolates were found most resistant to the aminoglycoside class, followed by quinolone, tetracycline, macrolide, beta lactam, nitrofuran and phenicol resistance respectively. This situation has shown that the consumption of raw milk can be a potential risk for foodborne infection. Hence, it was thought that consumers should avoid unpasteurized milk and dairy products, monitor raw milk more in terms of antibiotic resistance, and take the necessary precautions.
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