When stainless steels are exposed to high irradiation dose, a fraction of Frank loops will unfault and transform into perfect loops. After unfaulting, perfect loops can glide and impinge into other ...loops to form dislocation networks, and dislocation networks will act as sinks for point defects and solute elements. Besides, unfaulting will influence the extent of irradiation hardening as well. Based on previous theories, the size of Frank loops was considered to be a key factor in unfaulting. To better understand the unfaulting process, 316L stainless steel model alloy was irradiated to 5dpa at 350 °C, 400 °C and 450 °C by 3 MeV Ni ions. Method was developed to quantitatively compare the size and density between Frank loops and perfect loops through relrod and weak-beam dark field techniques. Results showed that unfaulting barely occurred at 350 °C but was distinct at 400 °C and 450 °C. The majority of perfect loops were in the size range of 8–16 nm at 400 °C and were in the size range of 12–20 nm at 450 °C. The existence of a critical loop size for unfaulting was not supported by our results. Moreover, by our results, the energy of Frank loops does not play a decisive role in unfaulting, and the simple approximation of geometric constraint in the rate theory to calculate unfaulting diameter needs to be revisited. Irradiation hardening was also analyzed by nano-indention. It was found that loop unfaulting played an important role in the hardening decrease from 350 °C to 450 °C.
•Method was developed for size comparison between Frank loops and perfect loops.•Unfaulting barely occurred at 350 °C but was distinct at 400 °C and 450 °C.•A critical size of loop unfaulting did not exist.•The energy of the stacking faults did not play a decisive role in unfaulting.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS) is a diagnosis of exclusion, being the most common entity in mature T-cell neoplasms, and its molecular pathogenesis remains ...significantly understudied. Here, combining whole-exome and targeted-capture sequencing, gene-expression profiling, and immunohistochemical analysis of tumor samples from 133 cases, we have delineated the entire landscape of somatic alterations, and discovered frequently affected driver pathways in PTCL, NOS, with and without a T-follicular helper (TFH) cell phenotype. In addition to previously reported mutational targets, we identified a number of novel recurrently altered genes, such as KMT2C, SETD1B, YTHDF2, and PDCD1. We integrated these genetic drivers using hierarchical clustering and identified a previously undescribed molecular subtype characterized by TP53 and/or CDKN2A mutations and deletions in non-TFH PTCL, NOS. This subtype exhibited different prognosis and unique genetic features associated with extensive chromosomal instability, which preferentially affected molecules involved in immune escape and transcriptional regulation, such as HLA-A/B and IKZF2. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathogenesis of PTCL, NOS by highlighting their genetic heterogeneity. These results should help to devise a novel molecular classification of PTCLs and to exploit a new therapeutic strategy for this group of aggressive malignancies.
In the present study, we present an intelligent earthquake signal detector that provides added assistance to automate traditional disaster responses. To effectively respond in a crisis scenario, ...additional sensors and automation are always necessary. Deep learning has achieved success in various low signal-to-noise ratio tasks, which motivated us to propose a novel 3-dimensional (3D) CNN-RNN-based earthquake detector from a demonstration paradigm to real-time implementation. Data taken from the
ST
anford
EA
rthquake
D
ataset (STEAD) are used to train the network. After preprocessing the raw earthquake signals, features such as log-mel spectrograms are extracted. Once the model has learned spatial and temporal information from low-frequency earthquake waves, it can be employed in real time to distinguish small and large earthquakes from seismic noise with an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 99.057%, 98.488%, and 99.621%, respectively. We also observe that the choice of filters in log-mel spectrogram impacts the results much more than the model complexity. Furthermore, we implement and test the model on data collected continuously over two months by a personal seismometer in the laboratory. The inference speed for a single prediction is 2.27 seconds, and the system delivers a stable detection of all 63 major earthquakes from November 2019 to December 2019 reported by the Japan Meteorological Agency.
This paper proposes a multichannel environmental sound segmentation method. Environmental sound segmentation is an integrated method to achieve sound source localization, sound source separation and ...classification, simultaneously. When multiple microphones are available, spatial features can be used to improve the localization and separation accuracy of sounds from different directions; however, conventional methods have three drawbacks: (a) Sound source localization and sound source separation methods using spatial features and classification using spectral features trained in the same neural network, may overfit to the relationship between the direction of arrival and the class of a sound, thereby reducing their reliability to deal with novel events. (b) Although permutation invariant training used in autonomous speech recognition could be extended, it is impractical for environmental sounds that include an unlimited number of sound sources. (c) Various features, such as complex values of short time Fourier transform and interchannel phase differences have been used as spatial features, but no study has compared them. This paper proposes a multichannel environmental sound segmentation method comprising two discrete blocks, a sound source localization and separation block and a sound source separation and classification block. By separating the blocks, overfitting to the relationship between the direction of arrival and the class is avoided. Simulation experiments using created datasets including 75-class environmental sounds showed the root mean squared error of the proposed method was lower than that of conventional methods.
Animal constructions are the outcomes of complex evolutionary, behavioural, and ecological forces. A brief review of diverse animal builders, the materials used, and the functions they provide their ...builders is provided to develop approaches to studying faecal-based constructions and faecal-carrying in leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Field studies, rearing, dissections, photography, and films document shields constructed by larvae in two species in two tribes of the subfamily Cassidinae,
Calyptocephala attenuata
(Spaeth, 1919) (Spilophorini), and
Cassida sphaerula
Boheman, 1853 (Cassidini). Natural history notes on an undetermined Cassidini species and
Stolas cucullata
(Boheman, 1862) (Tribe Mesomphaliini) outline the life cycle of tortoise beetles and explain terms. Commonly, the cassidine shield comprises exuviae onto which faeces are daubed, producing a pyramidal-shaped shield that can cover most of the body (up to the pronotum). In
Cal. attenuata
the larval shield comprises only exuviae, while in
Cass. sphaerula
, instar 1 initiates the shield by extending its telescopic anus to apply its own faeces onto its paired caudal processes; at each moult the exuvia is pushed to the caudal process base but remains attached, then more faeces are applied over it. The larva’s telescopic anus is the only tool used to build and repair the shield, not mouthparts or legs, and it also applies chemicals to the shield. Pupae in
Cal. attenuata
retain part of the exuviae-only shield of instar VI, while pupae in
Cass. sphaerula
retain either the entire 5
th
instar larval shield (faeces + all exuviae) or only the 5
th
larval exuvia. The caudal processes are crucial to shield construction, shield retention on the body, and as materials of the central scaffold of the structure. They also move the shield, though the muscular mechanism is not known. Altogether the faecal + exuviae shields may represent a unique morpho-behavioural synapomorphy for the crown-clade Cassidinae (10 tribes, ~ 2669 species) and may have been a key innovation in subsequent radiation. Defensive shields and domiciles may help explain the uneven radiation of chrysomelid subfamilial and tribal clades.
A previously undescribed mechanism underlying butterfly wing coloration patterns was discovered in two distantly related butterfly species, Siproeta stelenes and Philaethria diatonica. These ...butterflies have bright green wings, but the color pattern is not derived from solid pigments or nanostructures of the scales or from the color of the cuticular membrane but rather from a liquid retained in the wing membrane. Wing structure differs between the green and non-green areas. In the non-green region, the upper and lower cuticular membranes are attached to each other, whereas in the green region, we observed a space of 5–10 μm where green liquid is held and living cells are present. A pigment analysis and tracer experiment revealed that the color of the liquid is derived from hemolymph components, bilin and carotenoid pigments. This discovery broadens our understanding of the diverse ways in which butterfly wings obtain their coloration and patterns.
Display omitted
•Butterflies producing wing color patterns with bright green liquid in their wing membrane•Clear structural differences in wing membranes between liquid and non-liquid areas•The liquid pigment is derived from hemolymph components, bilin and carotenoid•These findings broaden our understanding of butterfly wing coloration and patterns
Nishida et al. show that the bright green color present in two distantly related butterflies, both found in Costa Rica, is derived from pigmented liquid within the wing membrane, not from wing scales. The results broaden our understanding of the diverse ways in which butterfly wings obtain their colors.
This paper addresses a placement planning method for drones to improve the performance of source tracking by multiple drones equipped with microphone arrays. By equipping the drone with a microphone ...array, the drone will be able to locate the person in need of rescue, and by deploying multiple drones, the 3D location of the sound source can be estimated. However, effective drone placement for sound source tracking has not been well explored. Therefore, this paper proposes a new drone placement planning method to improve the performance of sound source tracking. By placing multiple drones close to the sound source with multiple angles, it is expected that tracking will be performed with small variance. The placement planning algorithm is also extended to be applicable to multiple sound sources. Through numerical simulations, it is confirmed that the proposed method reduces the sound source tracking error. In conclusion, the contribution of this research is to extend the field of drone audition to active drone audition that allows drones to move by themselves to achieve better tracking results.
The treehoppers (Hemiptera, Membracidae) are known for possessing a large three-dimensional structure called a helmet. Although some ecological functions of the helmet have already been elucidated, ...the developmental mechanisms underlying the complex and diverse morphology of the helmet are still largely unknown. The process of helmet formation was first described in
, which possesses a simple roof-shaped helmet. However, the developmental process in species with more complex helmet morphologies remains largely unexplored. Hence, in this study, we used
, which possesses a more complex helmet structure than
, to investigate the helmet development using paraffin sections, micro-CT, and scanning electronic microscopy. Our focus was on the overall helmet developmental process common to both species and formation of structures unique to
and its comparison to
. As a result, we discovered that miniature structures were also formed in
, similar to
, during the helmet formation. Common structures that were shared between the two species were discernible at this stage. Additionally, we observed that suprahumeral horns and posterior horns, two morphological traits specific to the
helmet that are apparently similar anatomically, are formed through two distinctly different developmental mechanisms. The suprahumeral horns appeared to be formed by utilizing the nymphal suprahumeral bud as a mold, while we could not detect any nymphal structures potentially used for a mold in the posterior horns formation. Our findings suggest that the helmet formation mechanisms of
and
employ a common mechanism but form species-specific structures by multiple mechanisms.
A 61-year-old man with a history of total gastrectomy for cancer with Roux-en-Y reconstruction showed severe postprandial hypoglycemia accompanied by endogenous hyperinsulinemia. Abdominal ...ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed no abnormal findings in the pancreas. A selective arterial secretagogue injection test showed the marked induction of serum immunoreactive insulin when calcium was injected into the splenic artery. A pathological analysis following distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy revealed a pancreatic neuroendocrine microadenoma containing insulin-producing cells in the resected pancreas. This case highlights the importance of carefully evaluating refractory and severe hypoglycemia in patients with a history of gastric surgery to exclude insulinoma.
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