Human leukocyte antigen A (HLA-A) genotypes were determined for samples from 283 multiplex, Caucasian, type 1 diabetes families from the Human Biological Data Interchange (HBDI) using an immobilized ...probe assay. Distribution of HLA-A alleles transmitted to patients was significantly different from that in affected family-based controls (AFBAC) (
p = 0.004). Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis revealed differential transmission of several HLA-A alleles from parents to affected offspring. HLA class II DRB1 and DQB1 loci were also typed, allowing assignment of HLA-A alleles to haplotypes and calculation of linkage disequilibrium values. Some of the apparent effects of HLA-A alleles on type 1 diabetes susceptibility were attributable to linkage disequilibrium with DR and DQ alleles, although others were not. The differences in frequencies between patients and controls of alleles A*0101, A*2402, and A*3002 could not be explained by linkage disequilibrium alone. Our results suggest an important role for class I antigens in modulating susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
Dairy proteins were evaluated for their ability to reduce pink color in ground turkey samples. Sodium nitrite and nicotinamide were added to induce pink color formation. Nonfat dry milk (NFDM) and 1 ...of the whey protein concentrates (WPC) reduced CIE a* values in samples containing 10 ppm sodium nitrite. All of the dairy proteins tested reduced CIE a* values in nicotinamide‐treated samples. In samples prepared without nicotinamide or nitrite, only WPC reduced CIE a* values, while the other proteins tested had no effect or increased redness. NFDM or specific WPC proteins could be used to reduce the pink color defect and increase yield.
The hflA (high frequency of lysogenization) locus of Escherichia coli governs the lysis-lysogeny decision of bacteriophage λ by controlling stability of the phage cII protein. hflA contains three ...genes, hflX, hflK, and hflC, encoding polypeptides of 50, 46, and 37 kDa, respectively. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of 3843 base pairs containing hflA and have found three large open reading frames corresponding to hflX, hflK, and hflC. HflX contains the three sequence motifs typical of GTP-binding proteins and appears to be a member of a distinct family of putative GTPases. HflC and HflK appear to be integral membrane proteins which show some similarity to each other and to a human membrane protein. The C-terminal region of HflC contains a domain resembling the catalytic domain of ClpP, a bacterial ATP-dependent protease. We hypothesize that HflK and HflC constitute a distinct membrane-bound protease whose activity may be modulated by HflX GTPase.
The production and analysis of distributed sources of
24Na and
222Rn in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) are described. These unique sources provided accurate calibrations of the response to ...neutrons, produced through photodisintegration of the deuterons in the heavy water target, and to low energy betas and gammas. The application of these sources in determining the neutron detection efficiency and response of the
3He proportional counter array, and the characteristics of background Cherenkov light from trace amounts of natural radioactivity is described.
Abstract The availability of both HLA data and genotypes for thousands of SNPs across the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in 1240 complete families of the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium ...allowed us to analyze the occurrence and extent of megabase contiguous identity for founder chromosomes from unrelated individuals. We identified 82 HLA-defined haplotype groups, and within these groups, megabase regions of SNP identity were readily apparent. The conserved chromosomes within the 82 haplotype groups comprise approximately one third of the founder chromosomes. It is currently unknown whether such frequent conservation for groups of unrelated individuals is specific to the MHC, or if initial binning by highly polymorphic HLA alleles facilitated detection of a more general phenomenon within the MHC. Such common identity, specifically across the MHC, impacts type 1 diabetes susceptibility and may impact transplantation between unrelated individuals.
The use of smaller surgical incisions has become popularized for total hip arthroplasty (THR) because of the potential benefits of shorter recovery and improved cosmetic appearance. However, an ...increased incidence of serious complications has been reported. To minimize the risks of minimally invasive approaches to THR, we have developed an experimental approach which enables us to evaluate risk factors in these procedures through cadaveric simulations performed within the laboratory. During cadaveric hip replacement procedures performed via posterior and antero-lateral mini-incisions, pressures developed between the wound edges and the retractors were approximately double those recorded during conventional hip replacement using Charnley retractors (p < 0.01). In MIS procedures performed via the dual-incision approach, lack of direct visualisation of the proximal femur led to misalignment of broaches and implants with increased risk of cortical fracture during canal preparation and implant insertion. Cadaveric simulation of surgical procedures allows surgeons to measure variables affecting the technical success of surgery and to master new procedures without placing patients at risk.
The endovascular coil embolization of intracranial saccular aneurysms requires a set of specific X-ray images with which to view the aneurysm during coiling. These two-dimensional (2-D) images, known ...as working projections, should be optimal for measuring the aneurysm sac diameter, inserting the first coil, and checking coil overhang into the surrounding vessels. At present the gantry tilt that produces these images is found by the radiologist by trial and error. Here, the authors present a method for automatically finding the angles that will produce the desired X-ray projections. The authors' method consists of four steps: (1) finding the location and orientation of the aneurysm neck; (2) labeling the aneurysm sac; (3) determining the optimal tilts for viewing the aneurysm during coiling; and (4) adjusting the optimal tilts for change in the patient orientation between pre-Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) scanning and the coiling treatment. The authors discuss these steps and present results of the algorithm applied to pathological examples in the form of simulated X-ray images. A final discussion is given for one example where the authors' results have been applied in a clinical situation.
D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) A1 allele frequency was determined in alcoholics of varying medical severity from three different inpatient settings and in various controls. A1 frequency was .15 in 68 ...alcoholics in a detoxification unit (group A), .19 in 90 alcoholics in a rehabilitation unit (group B), and .31 in 43 alcoholics in a gastroenterology unit (group C). Group C had a higher A1 frequency than group B (p = .045) or group A (p = .005) alcoholics. In 46 controls (group D), A1 frequency was .18. In subsets of these controls, A1 frequency was .14 in 39 subjects with a negative family history (FH-) of alcoholism (group E), .06 in 34 subjects without previous hazardous alcohol consumption (group F), and .05 in 30 subjects with FH- and without previous hazardous alcohol consumption (group G). A1 frequency was significantly higher in group C alcoholics than group F (p = .0002) or group G (p = .0002) controls; however, no A1 frequency difference was found among group A alcoholics and any of the control groups. The severity of alcoholism and the type of controls used are important determinants of DRD2 A1 allele association with alcoholism.
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