Social capital (SC) has been documented to effectively reduce the spread of diseases, including COVID-19; however, research pertaining to SC and COVID-19 vaccination in Korea is lacking. This ...cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Wonju, Gangwon Province, Korea (n = 1,096) examined the differences in COVID-19 vaccine trust and hesitancy considering individual characteristics and investigated the effects of SC on COVID-19 vaccine trust and hesitancy. SC was measured based on 14 items pertaining to social trust, network, and norms. Responses regarding COVID-19 screening history, vaccine trust, and vaccine hesitancy were also assessed. SC scores did not differ between sexes, but differed significantly according to age and household income; thus, adults aged 70–79 years had the highest SC scores, and mean SC score increased significantly with income. COVID-19 vaccine trust differed significantly according to age, average household income, social organization involvement, and SC score. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy differed significantly with age, SC score, and COVID-19 screening history. In univariate logistic regression, age, average household income, social organization involvement, and SC score were significant predictors of vaccine trust; in multivariable analysis, however, the identified predictors were age and SC. In particular, people with an SC score ≥50 were 2.660 times more likely to trust COVID-19 vaccines than those with lower scores. In multivariable analysis, age and SC were significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy. In particular, people with an SC score ≥50 were 1.400 times more likely not to be hesitant about receiving COVID-19 vaccines than people with lower scores. These results indicate that prioritizing policies to increase SC and trust in the government could boost the COVID-19 vaccination rate.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes extensive mortality in poultry flocks, leading to extensive economic losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic ...characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of recent APEC isolates. Of the 79 APEC isolates, the most predominant serogroup was O78 (16 isolates, 20.3%), followed by O2 (7 isolates, 8.9%) and O53 (7 isolates, 8.9%). Thirty-seven (46.8%) and six (7.6%) of the isolates belonged to phylogenetic groups D and B2, respectively, and presented as virulent extraintestinal E. coli. Among 5 analyzed virulence genes, the highest frequency was observed in hlyF (74 isolates, 93.7%), followed by iutA (72 isolates, 91.9%) gene. The distribution of the iss gene was significantly different between groups A/B1 and B2/D (P < 0.05). All group B2 isolates carried all 5 virulence genes. APEC isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin (83.5%), nalidixic acid (65.8%), tetracycline (64.6%), cephalothin (46.8%), and ciprofloxacin (46.8%). The β-lactamases–encoding genes blaTEM-1 (23 isolates, 29.1%), blaCTX-M-1 (4 isolates, 5.1%), and blaCTX-M-15 (3 isolates, 3.8%); the aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene aac(3)-II (4 isolates, 5.1%); and the plasmid-mediated quinolone genes qnrA (10 isolates, 12.7%) and qnrS (2 isolates, 2.5%) were identified in APEC isolates. The tetA (37 isolates, 46.8%) and sul2 (20 isolates, 25.3%) were the most prevalent among tetracycline and sulfonamide resistant isolates, respectively. This study indicates that APEC isolates harbor a variety of virulence and resistance genes; such genes are often associated with plasmids that facilitate their transmission between bacteria and should be continuously monitored to track APEC transmission in poultry farms.
Since the supply of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines will be limited worldwide, it is essential to prioritize vaccination based on scientific evidence. Although several frameworks and ...studies on vaccine distribution have been published, no published systematic review has evaluated the prioritization of the COVID-19 vaccine.
We searched 4 different databases, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and EMBASE for articles published between January 2019 and December 31, 2020. Studies were included if they contained the primary search terms "vaccine", "COVID-19", and "prioritization". In addition, we manually included reports from national and international websites.
Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. In these studies, older adults were the most frequently mentioned group, and healthcare workers (HCWs) were mentioned as the 1st priority group. HCWs and patients with comorbidities were the 2nd and 3rd most frequently mentioned groups in the reviewed papers. Reducing severe COVID-19 was the most frequently mentioned goal.
Since vaccination programs have been initiated in several countries, scientific evidence on vaccination prioritization is needed to increase our knowledge of general vaccine prioritization and improve vaccine acceptance. Our results showed that HCWs and older adults were the most frequently valued in studies.
To evaluate adverse obstetric outcomes in women with a history of endometrial cancer (EC).
Population-based cohort study.
The Korean National Health Insurance (KNHI) claims database.
Women who gave ...birth between 2009 and 2016, with a history of EC prior to pregnancy.
The KNHI database was used to compare obstetric outcomes of women with and without a history of EC, using the ICD-10 codes. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between a history of EC and adverse obstetric outcomes.
Adverse obstetric outcomes.
Overall, 248 and 3 335 359 women with and without a history of EC, respectively, gave birth. When adjusted for age, primiparity and comorbidities, an increased risk of multiple gestations (odds ratio OR 4.925, 95% confidence interval CI 3.394-7.147), caesarean delivery (OR 2.005, 95% CI 1.535-2.62) and preterm birth (OR 1.941, 95% CI 1.107-3.404) was observed among women with a history of EC. We were unable to demonstrate significant differences in the risk of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, vacuum delivery, placenta praevia, placenta accreta spectrum, placental abruption and postpartum haemorrhage between the groups. In the sensitivity analyses excluding multiple gestations, an increased risk of preterm birth was not observed among women with a history of EC (OR 1.276, 95% CI 0.565-2.881).
There is no convincing evidence of an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes among women with a history of EC. Our findings would be useful in counselling of patients with EC who are undergoing fertility-sparing treatment.
Linezolid is an oxazolidinone class antibiotic used for treatment infections caused by various multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens including enterococci. However, recently, ...linezolid-resistant isolates in animals are considered as a human health hazard. In a broiler operation system, antimicrobial resistance can be transferred to the environment and commercial broiler via the fecal–oral route. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) from broiler parent stock in a broiler operation system. Among 297 E. faecalis isolates from 85 flocks in 8 broiler breeder farms, the prevalence of chloramphenicol- and linezolid-resistant isolates was 0 to 12.1% and 0 to 8.0%, respectively; however, there were no significant differences between farms. Therefore, a total of 14 (4.7%) chloramphenicol- and/or linezolid-resistant E. faecalis showed resistance to 7 or more antimicrobial classes. The drug-resistance gene optrA, which can confer resistance to linezolid, tedizolid, and phenicols, was found in 8 (2.69%) isolates, and 7 (2.36%) of the 8 optrA-positive isolates co-carried the phenicol exporter gene fexA. However, E. faecalis isolates from 3 of 8 broiler breeder farms only carried the optrA and/or fexA genes. As linezolid is one of the last antimicrobial treatments of choice for multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens including E. faecalis, the presence of antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis in broiler breeder farms should be monitored to prevent the introduction of linezolid-resistant strains to the food chain.
Objectives
This study aims to review cases of dental visits by patients who had confirmed COVID‐19 infection in Seoul and Gyeonggi‐do. It analyses the patterns of infection transmission among dental ...healthcare professionals and dental clinic visitors.
Methods
This study obtained data from reports on disease trends and press releases published by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) on its COVID‐19 website.
Results
After examining cases of patients with a confirmed COVID‐19 infection, 24 people (10 in Seoul and 14 in Gyeonggi‐do) visited the dental office 1–13 days prior to their case confirmation; however, the spread of the virus in the dental office was not confirmed.
Conclusion
The WHO and KCDC guidelines must be followed to curb transmission of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus among dental patients and professionals.
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) has rapidly acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobials, and the antimicrobial resistance of E. faecalis from broiler breeders has been implicated in its ...vertical transmission to their offspring. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of commensal E. faecalis isolated from the broiler breeder farms. Among a total of 229 E. faecalis isolates from 9 broiler breeder farms, the highest resistance rate was observed in tetracycline (78.2%), followed by doxycycline (58.1%) and erythromycin (43.7%), and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance showed significant differences among the 9 broiler breeder farms (P < 0.05). The tetM gene (77.1%) and ermB gene (85.0%) were detected at the highest levels in 179 TE-and 100 E-resistant isolates, respectively. Twenty-four high-level gentamicin-resistant isolates carried aac(6″)Ie-aph(2″)-la gene, and 9 high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates showed point mutations in both gyrA and parC genes. All high-level gentamicin-resistant or high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates showed one of the two different virulence gene patterns, ace-asa1-efaA-gelE complex or ace-efaA-gelE complex. These results indicate that constant epidemiological monitoring at the breeder level is required to prevent the pyramidal transmission of antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis.
OBJECTIVESThis study analyzed the perceptions and emotions of Korean and Japanese citizens regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It examined the frequency of words used in Korean and ...Japanese tweets regarding COVID-19 and the corresponding changes in their interests. METHODSThis cross-sectional study analyzed Twitter posts (Tweets) from February 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020 to determine public opinion of the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea and Japan. We collected data from Twitter (https://twitter.com/), a major social media platform in Korea and Japan. Python 3.7 Library was used for data collection. Data analysis included KR-WordRank and frequency analyses in Korea and Japan, respectively. Heat diagrams, word clouds, and rank flowcharts were also used. RESULTSOverall, 1,470,673 and 4,195,457 tweets were collected from Korea and Japan, respectively. The word trend in Korea and Japan was analyzed every 5 days. The word cloud analysis revealed "COVID-19", "Shinchonji", "Mask", "Daegu", and "Travel" as frequently used words in Korea. While in Japan, "COVID-19", "Mask", "Test", "Impact", and "China" were identified as high-frequency words. They were divided into four categories: social distancing, prevention, issue, and emotion for the rank flowcharts. Concerning emotion, "Overcome" and "Support" increased from February in Korea, while "Worry" and "Anxiety" decreased in Japan from April 1. CONCLUSIONSAs a result of the trend, people's interests in the economy were high in both countries, indicating their reservations on the economic downturn. Therefore, focusing policies toward economic stability is essential. Although the interest in prevention increased since April in both countries, the general public's relaxation regarding COVID-19 was also observed.
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a major pathogen in the poultry industry worldwide including Korea. In this study, the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 33 fluoroquinolone ...(FQ)-resistant APEC isolates from broilers were analyzed. All FQ-resistant APEC isolates showed amino acid exchanges at both gyrA and parC and high minimal inhibitory concentrations for FQs. A total of 11 (33.3%) isolates were positive for the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, qnrA (8 isolates) and qnrS (3 isolates), and showed multidrug resistance. Among the 11 PMQR-positive isolates, 1 and 2 isolates carried blaCTX-1 and blaCTX-15, respectively, as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, and the non-ESBL gene, blaTEM-1, was found in 4 isolates. Among 3 aminoglycoside-resistant isolates, aac(3)-II was only detected in 1 isolate. All 8 APEC isolates with resistance to tetracycline carried the tetA gene. Overall, 6 of the 7 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates carried the sul1 or sul2 genes, while only 2 of the 8 chloramphenicol-resistant isolates carried the catA1 gene. Although 9 isolates carried class I integrons, only 4 isolates carried the gene cassettes dfrA12-aadA2 (2 isolates), dfrA17-aadA5 (1 isolate), extX-psp-aadA2 (1 isolate), and dfrA27 (1 isolate). The most common plasmid replicon was FIB (8 isolates, 72.7%), followed by K/B (4 isolates, 36.4%). Antimicrobial resistance monitoring and molecular analysis of APEC should be performed continuously to surveil the transmission between poultry farms.
Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. (C. obtusa) has been used as folk medicine in East Asia and has been reported to alleviate inflammatory diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms for the ...anti-inflammatory effects of C. obtusa remain unclear.
Although the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of natural products have been studied for decades, it is still important to identify the potential anti-inflammatory effects of natural sources. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanism of C. obtusa leaf extracts.
The cell viability was determined by MTT and crystal violet staining. NO production in the supernatant was measured using Griess reagent. The cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting and RT-qPCR. Secreted cytokines were analyzed using ELISA kit and cytokine array kit. mRNA expression from the GSE9632 database set. Z-scores were calculated for each gene and visualized by heat map.
Among the extracts of C. obtusa obtained with different extraction methods, the 99% ethanol leaf extract (CO99EL) strongly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and Janus kinase/signaling transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, CO99EL strongly inhibited LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-27, and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-1 production and directly inhibited LPS-induced JAK/STAT phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells.
These findings demonstrate that CO99EL significantly prevents LPS-induced macrophage activation by inhibiting the JAK/STAT axis. Therefore, we suggest the use of C. obtusa extracts as therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases.
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•The cytotoxicity of the leaf extracts was lower and the yields were higher than for the other C. obtusa extracts.•CO99EL had remarkably potent anti-inflammatory effects among the C. obtusa leaf extracts in RAW264.7 cells.•CO99EL inhibited LPS-induced JAK/STAT by inhibiting pro-inflammatory secreted molecules in RAW264.7 cells.•CO99EL directly inhibited JAK/STAT activation in RAW264.7 cells.
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