Fungi have been often neglected, despite the fact that they provided penicillin, lovastatin and many other important medicines. They are an understudied, but essential, fascinating and ...biotechnologically useful group of organisms. The study of fungi in northern Thailand has been carried out by us since 2005. These studies have been diverse, ranging from ecological aspects, phylogenetics with the incorportation of molecular dating, taxonomy (including morphology and chemotaxonomy) among a myriad of microfungi, to growing novel mushrooms, and DNA-based identification of plant pathogens. In this paper, advances in understanding the biodiversity of fungi in the region are discussed and compared with those further afield. Many new species have been inventoried for the region, but many unknown species remain to be described and/or catalogued. For example, in the edible genus
Agaricus
, over 35 new species have been introduced from northern Thailand, and numerous other taxa await description. In this relatively well known genus, 93% of species novelty is apparent. In the microfungi, which are relatively poorly studied, the percentage of novel species is, surprisingly, generally not as high (55
–
96%). As well as Thai fungi, fungi on several hosts from Europe have been also investigated. Even with the well studied European microfungi an astounding percentage of new taxa (32
–
76%) have been discovered. The work is just a beginning and it will be a daunting task to document this astonishingly high apparent novelty among fungi.
An online resource for marine fungi Jones, E. B. Gareth; Pang, Ka-Lai; Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A. ...
Fungal diversity,
05/2019, Letnik:
96, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Index Fungorum, Species Fungorum and MycoBank are the key fungal nomenclature and taxonomic databases that can be sourced to find taxonomic details concerning fungi, while DNA sequence data can be ...sourced from the NCBI, EBI and UNITE databases. Nomenclature and ecological data on freshwater fungi can be accessed on
http://fungi.life.illinois.edu/
, while
http://www.marinespecies.org/provides
a comprehensive list of names of marine organisms, including information on their synonymy. Previous websites however have little information on marine fungi and their ecology, beside articles that deal with marine fungi, especially those published in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries may not be accessible to those working in third world countries. To address this problem, a new website
www.marinefungi.org
was set up and is introduced in this paper. This website provides a search facility to genera of marine fungi, full species descriptions, key to species and illustrations, an up to date classification of all recorded marine fungi which includes all fungal groups (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mucoromycota and fungus-like organisms e.g. Thraustochytriales), and listing recent publications. Currently, 1257 species are listed in the marine fungi website (
www.marinefungi.org
), in 539 genera, 74 orders, 168 families, 20 classes and five phyla, with new taxa continuing to be described. The website has curators with specialist mycological expertise who help to provide update data on the classification of marine fungi. This article also reviews knowledge of marine fungi covering a wide range of topics: their higher classification, ecology and world distribution, role in energy transfer in the oceans, origin and new chemical structures. An updated classification of marine fungi is also included. We would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to this innovative website.
The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million. There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, which is ...between 2.6 and 4.5% of the estimated species. Several forums such as Botanica Marina series, Fungal Diversity notes, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, Fungal Systematics and Evolution—New and Interesting Fungi, Mycosphere notes and Fungal Planet have enhanced the introduction of new taxa and nearly 2000 species have been introduced in these publications in the last decade. The need to define a fungal species more accurately has been recognized, but there is much research needed before this can be better clarified. We address the evidence that is needed to estimate the numbers of fungi and address the various advances that have been made towards its understanding. Some genera are barely known, whereas some plant pathogens comprise numerous species complexes and numbers are steadily increasing. In this paper, we examine ten genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal description and introduce new species in each genus. The genera are the ascomycetes
Colletotrichum
and
Pestalotiopsis
(with many species or complexes),
Atrocalyx
,
Dothiora, Lignosphaeria
,
Okeanomyces, Rhamphoriopsis
,
Thozetella
,
Thyrostroma
(relatively poorly studied genera) and the basidiomycete genus
Lepiota
. We provide examples where knowledge is incomplete or lacking and suggest areas needing further research. These include (1) the need to establish what is a species, (2) the need to establish how host-specific fungi are, not in highly disturbed urban areas, but in pristine or relatively undisturbed forests, and (3) the need to establish if species in different continents, islands, countries or regions are different, or if the same fungi occur worldwide? Finally, we conclude whether we are anywhere near to flattening the curve in new species description.
This paper is the seventh in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, where 131 taxa accommodated in 28 families are mainly described from
Rosa
(
Rosaceae
) and a few other hosts. Novel fungal taxa are ...described in the present study, including 17 new genera, 93 new species, four combinations, a sexual record for a species and new host records for 16 species.
Bhatiellae
,
Cycasicola
,
Dactylidina
,
Embarria
,
Hawksworthiana
,
Italica
,
Melanocucurbitaria
,
Melanodiplodia
,
Monoseptella
,
Uzbekistanica
,
Neoconiothyrium
,
Neopaucispora
,
Pararoussoella
,
Paraxylaria
,
Marjia
,
Sporormurispora and Xenomassariosphaeria
are introduced as new ascomycete genera. We also introduce the new species
Absidia jindoensis
,
Alternaria doliconidium
,
A
.
hampshirensis
,
Angustimassarina rosarum
,
Astragalicola vasilyevae
,
Backusella locustae
,
Bartalinia rosicola
,
Bhatiellae rosae
,
Broomella rosae
,
Castanediella camelliae
,
Coelodictyosporium rosarum
,
Comoclathris rosae
,
C
.
rosarum
,
Comoclathris rosigena
,
Coniochaeta baysunika
,
C. rosae
,
Cycasicola goaensis
,
Dactylidina shoemakeri
,
Dematiopleospora donetzica
,
D
.
rosicola
,
D
.
salsolae
,
Diaporthe rosae
,
D
.
rosicola
,
Endoconidioma rosae
-
hissaricae
,
Epicoccum rosae
,
Hawksworthiana clematidicola
,
H
.
lonicerae
,
Italica achilleae
,
Keissleriella phragmiticola
,
K
.
rosacearum
,
K
.
rosae
,
K
.
rosarum
,
Lophiostoma rosae
,
Marjia tianschanica
,
M
.
uzbekistanica
,
Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica
,
Melanodiplodia tianschanica
,
Monoseptella rosae
,
Mucor fluvius
,
Muriformistrickeria rosae
,
Murilentithecium rosae
,
Neoascochyta rosicola
,
Neoconiothyrium rosae
,
Neopaucispora rosaecae
,
Neosetophoma rosarum
,
N
.
rosae
,
N
.
rosigena
,
Neostagonospora artemisiae
,
Ophiobolus artemisiicola
,
Paraconiothyrium rosae
,
Paraphaeosphaeria rosae
,
P
.
rosicola
,
Pararoussoella rosarum
,
Parathyridaria rosae
,
Paraxylaria rosacearum
,
Penicillium acidum
,
P
.
aquaticum
,
Phragmocamarosporium rosae
,
Pleospora rosae
,
P
.
rosae
-
caninae
,
Poaceicola agrostina
,
P
.
arundinicola
,
P
.
rosae
,
Populocrescentia ammophilae
,
P
.
rosae
,
Pseudocamarosporium pteleae
,
P
.
ulmi
-
minoris
,
Pseudocercospora rosae
,
Pseudopithomyces rosae
,
Pseudostrickeria rosae
,
Sclerostagonospora lathyri
,
S
.
rosae
,
S
.
rosicola
,
Seimatosporium rosigenum
,
S
.
rosicola
,
Seiridium rosarum
,
Setoseptoria arundelensis
,
S
.
englandensis
,
S
.
lulworthcovensis
,
Sigarispora agrostidis
,
S
.
caryophyllacearum
,
S
.
junci
,
S
.
medicaginicola
,
S
.
rosicola
,
S
.
scrophulariae
,
S
.
thymi
,
Sporormurispora atraphaxidis
,
S
.
pruni
,
Suttonomyces rosae
,
Umbelopsis sinsidoensis
,
Uzbekistanica rosae
-
hissaricae
,
U
.
yakutkhanika
,
Wojnowicia rosicola
,
Xenomassariosphaeria rosae
. New host records are provided for
Amandinea punctata
,
Angustimassarina quercicola
,
Diaporthe rhusicola
,
D. eres
,
D. foeniculina
,
D. rudis
,
Diplodia seriata
,
Dothiorella iberica
,
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
,
Lecidella elaeochroma
,
Muriformistrickeria rubi
,
Neofusicoccum australe
,
Paraphaeosphaeria michotii
,
Pleurophoma pleurospora
,
Sigarispora caulium
and
Teichospora rubriostiolata
. The new combinations are
Dactylidina dactylidis
(=
Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis
),
Embarria clematidis
(=
Allophaeosphaeria clematidis
),
Hawksworthiana alliariae
(=
Dematiopleospora alliariae
) and
Italica luzulae
(=
Dematiopleospora luzulae
). This study also provides some insights into the diversity of fungi on
Rosa
species and especially those on
Rosa
spines that resulted in the characterisation of eight new genera, 45 new species, and nine new host records. We also collected taxa from
Rosa
stems and there was 31% (20/65) overlap with taxa found on stems with that on spines. Because of the limited and non-targeted sampling for comparison with collections from spines and stems of the same host and location, it is not possible to say that the fungi on spines of
Rosa
differ from those on stems. The study however, does illustrate how spines are interesting substrates with high fungal biodiversity. This may be because of their hard structure resulting in slow decay and hence are suitable substrates leading to fungal colonisation. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
Sordariomycetes
is one of the largest classes of
Ascomycota
and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well ...as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class includes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated outline of the
Sordariomycetes
and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses;
Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidae
and
Meliolomycetidae
and five orders;
Amplistromatales
,
Annulatascales
,
Falcocladiales
,
Jobellisiales
and
Togniniales
. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for 397 taxa with information, such as new family and genera novelties, novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in
Sordariomycetes
is also provided.
, a genus within the phylum Ascomycota (Fungi) and family Glomerellaceae are important plant pathogens globally. In this paper, we detail four
species found in mangrove ecosystems. Two new species,
...and
, and a new host record for
were identified in Thailand.
was collected from Taiwan's mangroves and is a new record for
. These identifications were established through a combination of molecular analysis and morphological characteristics. This expanded dataset for
enhances our understanding of the genetic diversity within this genus and its associations with mangrove ecosystems. The findings outlined herein provide data on our exploration of mangrove pathogens in Asia.
Ophiobolus
is a large genus of
Phaeosphaeriaceae
comprising more than 350 possible species, most of which are saprobes on herbaceous plants in Europe and North America.
Ophiobolus
species are ...polyphyletic and the type of
Ophiobolus
is not represented in GenBank. Therefore, an increased taxon sampling of ophiobolus-like taxa and epitypification of the type species,
O. disseminans
is reported. Multigene phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, SSU, TEF1-α and ITS sequence data position
O. disseminans
in a sister clade with
O. ponticus
and several
Entodesmium
species in
Phaeosphaeriaceae
with high support. Therefore,
Entodesmium
is synonymized under
Ophiobolus
.
Premilcurensis
with it type species,
P. senecionis
also clusters within the
Ophiobolus
clade and is synonymized under
Ophiobolus
.
Ophiobolus rossicus
sp. nov. is introduced and a reference specimen is designated for
O. ponticus
. Other ophiobolus-like taxa (
Ophiobolus sensu lato
) can be distinguished as three main groups, which are introduced as new genera.
Ophiobolopsis
is introduced to accommodate the new species,
Ophiobolopsis italica
. The new genus
Paraophiobolus
is introduced to accommodate
P. arundinis
sp. nov. and
P. plantaginis
comb. nov. This genus is characterized by hyaline to pale yellowish ascospores, some green-yellowish at maturity, with a swollen cell, terminal appendages and ascospores not separating into part spores.
Pseudoophiobolus
gen. nov. is introduced to accommodate six new species and two new combinations, viz.
Ps. achilleae
,
Ps. erythrosporus
,
Ps. galii
,
Ps. italicus
,
Ps. mathieui
,
Ps. rosae
,
Ps. subhyalinisporus
and
Ps. urticicola
.
Pseudoophiobolus
is characterized by subhyaline to pale yellowish or yellowish ascospores, with a swollen cell, lack of terminal appendages and ascospores that do not separate into part spores and is related to
Nodulosphaeria
. An updated tree for
Phaeosphaeriaceae
based on multigene analysis is also provided.
This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and organisms. This paper focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera:
Alternaria
,
...Capnodium
,
Chaetothyrina
,
Cytospora
,
Cyphellophora
,
Cyttaria
,
Dactylonectria
,
Diplodia
,
Dothiorella
,
Entoleuca
,
Eutiarosporella
,
Fusarium
,
Ilyonectria
,
Lasiodiplodia
,
Macrophomina
,
Medeolaria
,
Neonectria
,
Neopestalotiopsis
,
Pestalotiopsis
,
Plasmopara
,
Pseudopestalotiopsis
,
Rosellinia
,
Sphaeropsis
,
Stagonosporopsis
and
Verticillium
. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. A new database (Onestopshopfungi) is established to enhance the current understanding of plant pathogenic genera among plant pathologists.
Astrosphaeriella sensu lato is a common genus occurring on bamboo, palms and stout grasses. Species of Astrosphaeriella have been collected from various countries in tropical, subtropical or ...temperate regions. In Asia, species have been collected in Brunei, China, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines and Vietnam. There have been several morphological studies on Astrosphaeriella, but molecular work and phylogenetic analyses are generally lacking. Taxa included in Astrosphaeriella were characterized in three main groups 1) typical Astrosphaeriella species (sensu stricto) having carbonaceous, erumpent, conical ascostromata 2) atypical Astrosphaeriella species (sensu lato) having immersed, coriaceous ascostromata with short to long papilla and 3) lophiostoma-like species having immersed ascostromata with slit-like openings. Some of the latter Astrosphaeriella species, having slit-like openings, have been transferred to Fissuroma and Rimora in Aigialaceae. In this study five type specimens of Astrosphaeriella were loaned from herbaria worldwide and re-examined and are re-described and illustrated. Collections of Astrosphaeriella were also made in Thailand and morphologically examined. Pure cultures were obtained from single spores and used in molecular studies. The asexual morph was induced on sterile bamboo pieces placed on water agar. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, SSU and TEF1 sequence data of astrosphaeriella-like species using Bayesian, Maximum parsimony (MP) and Randomized Accelerated Maximum Likelihood (RAxML) analyses were carried out. Phylogenetic analyses show that species of Astrosphaeriella can be distinguished in at least three families. Species of Astrosphaeriella sensu stricto with erumpent, carbonaceous ascostromata, form a strongly supported clade with Pteridiospora species and a new family, Astrosphaeriellaceae, is introduced to accommodate these taxa. The genera are revised and Astrosphaeriella bambusae, A. neofusispora, A. neostellata, A. thailandica, A. thysanolaenae and Pteridiospora chiangraiensis are introduced as new species. Astrosphaeriella exorrhiza is reported on a dead stem of Thysanolaena maxima and is the first record for Thailand. Reference specimens for A. fusispora and A. tornata are designated to stabilize the taxonomy of Astrosphaeriella. The coelomycetous asexual morph of A. bambusae is reported and forms hyaline, globose to subglobose, aseptate conidia. Species of Astrosphaeriella sensu lato with immersed, coriaceous ascostromata, with short to long papilla and striate ascospores, form a sister clade with Tetraplosphaeriaceae. The genus Pseudoastrosphaeriella is introduced to accommodate some of these taxa with three new species and three new combinations, viz. P. aequatoriensis, P. africana, P. bambusae, P. longicolla, P. papillata and P. thailandensis. A new family Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae is introduced to accommodate this presently monotypic lineage comprising Pseudoastrosphaeriella. The asexual morph of P. thailandensis is described. Astrosphaeriella bakeriana forms a distinct clade basal to Aigialaceae. Astrosphaeriella bakeriana is excluded from Astrosphaeriella and a new genus Astrosphaeriellopsis, placed in Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis, is introduced to accommodate this taxon. Fissuroma aggregata (Aigialaceae) is re-visited and is shown to be a cryptic species. Three new species of Fissuroma and a new combination are introduced based on morphology and phylogeny viz. F. bambusae, F. fissuristoma, F. neoaggregata and F. thailandicum. The asexual morph of Fissuroma bambusae is also reported.
During an ongoing research survey of saprobic fungi in Thailand, four coelomycetous strains were isolated from decaying leaves in Chiang Mai and Phitsanulok Provinces. Morphological characteristics ...demonstrated that these taxa are typical of Cytospora in forming multi-loculate, entostromatic conidiomata, branched or unbranched conidiophores, with enteroblastic, phialidic conidiogenous cells and hyaline, allantoid, aseptate conidia. Multiloci phylogeny of ITS, LSU, ACT, RPB2, TEF1-α and TUB2 confirmed these taxa are distinct new species in Cytospora in Cytosporaceae (Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes), viz., Cytospora chiangmaiensis, C. phitsanulokensis and C. shoreae. Cytospora chiangmaiensis has a close phylogenetic relationship with C. shoreae, while C. phitsanulokensis is sister to C. acaciae. These three novel species were also preliminary screened for their antagonistic activity against five plant pathogenic fungi: Colletotrichumfructicola, Co. siamense, Co. artocarpicola, Co. viniferum and Fusarium sambucinum. Cytospora shoreae and C. phitsanulokensis showed >60% inhibition against Co. viniferum and F. sambucinum, while C. chiangmaiensis had moderate inhibition activity against all pathogens.
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