We consider vertices, a notion originating in local representation theory of finite groups, for the category \mathcal {O} of a rational Cherednik algebra and prove the analogue of the Dipper-Du ...Conjecture for Hecke algebras of symmetric groups in that setting. As a corollary we obtain a new proof of the Dipper-Du Conjecture over \mathbb {C}.
In the modular representation theory of finite unitary groups when the characteristic \ell of the ground field is a unitary prime, the \widehat {\mathfrak{sl}}_e-crystal on level 2 Fock spaces ...graphically describes the Harish-Chandra branching of unipotent representations restricted to the tower of unitary groups. However, how to determine the cuspidal support of an arbitrary unipotent representation has remained an open question. We show that for \ell sufficiently large, the \mathfrak{sl}_\infty -crystal on the same level 2 Fock spaces provides the remaining piece of the puzzle for the full Harish-Chandra branching rule.
Climate change is likely to change the relationships between commonly used climate indices and underlying patterns of climate variability, but this complexity is rarely considered in studies using ...climate indices. Here, we show that the physical and ecological conditions mapping onto the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) index have changed over multidecadal timescales. These changes apparently began around a 1988/1989 North Pacific climate shift that was marked by abrupt northeast Pacific warming, declining temporal variance in the Aleutian Low (a leading atmospheric driver of the PDO), and increasing correlation between the PDO and NPGO patterns. Sea level pressure and surface temperature patterns associated with each climate index changed after 1988/1989, indicating that identical index values reflect different states of basinscale climate over time. The PDO and NPGO also show timedependent skill as indices of regional northeast Pacific ecosystem variability. Since the late 1980s, both indices have become less relevant to physical–ecological variability in regional ecosystems from the Bering Sea to the southern California Current. Users of these climate indices should be aware of nonstationary relationships with underlying climate variability within the historical record, and the potential for further nonstationarity with ongoing climate change.
When properly employed, targeted therapies are effective cancer treatments. However, the development of such therapies requires the identification of targetable drivers of cancer development and ...metastasis. The expression and nuclear localization of the transcriptional coactivators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are increased in many human cancers, and experimental evidence indicates that aberrant YAP or TAZ activation drives tumor formation and metastasis. Although these findings make YAP and TAZ appealing therapeutic targets, both have important functions in adult tissues, so directly targeting them could cause adverse effects. The identification of pathways active in cancer cells and required for YAP/TAZ activity could provide a way to inhibit YAP and TAZ. Here, we show that SRC proto-oncogene, nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (SRC) is an important driver of YAP/TAZ activity in human breast cancer and melanoma cells. SRC activation increased YAP/TAZ activity and the expression of YAP/TAZ-regulated genes. In contrast, SRC inhibition or knockdown repressed both YAP/TAZ activity and the expression of YAP/TAZ-regulated genes. We also show that SRC increases the activity of YAP and TAZ by repressing large tumor suppressor homolog (LATS), and we identify the GTPase-activating protein GIT ArfGAP 1 (GIT1) as an SRC effector that regulates both YAP and TAZ. Importantly, we demonstrate that SRC-mediated YAP/TAZ activity promotes tumor growth and enhances metastasis and that SRC-dependent tumor progression depends, at least in part, on YAP and TAZ. Our findings suggest that therapies targeting SRC could help manage some YAP/TAZ-dependent cancers.
Glioblastoma (GBM), is the most malignant form of gliomas and the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Conventional cancer treatments have limited to no efficacy on GBM. GBM cells ...respond and adapt to the surrounding brain parenchyma known as tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumor preservation. Among specific TME, there are 3 of particular interest for GBM biology: the perivascular niche, the subventricular zone neurogenic niche, and the immune microenvironment. GBM cells and TME cells present a reciprocal feedback which results in tumor maintenance. One way that these cells can communicate is through extracellular vesicles. These vesicles include exosomes and microvesicles that have the ability to carry both cancerous and non-cancerous cargo, such as miRNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and DNA. In this review we will discuss the booming topic that is extracellular vesicles, and how they have the novelty to be a diagnostic and targetable vehicle for GBM.
Ocean acidification (OA) along the US West Coast is intensifying faster than observed in the global ocean. This is particularly true in nearshore regions (<200 m) that experience a lower buffering ...capacity while at the same time providing important habitats for ecologically and economically significant species. While the literature on the effects of OA from laboratory experiments is voluminous, there is little understanding of present-day OA in-situ effects on marine life. Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) is perennially one of the most valuable commercial and recreational fisheries. We focused on establishing OA-related vulnerability of larval crustacean based on mineralogical and elemental carapace to external and internal carapace dissolution by using a combination of different methods ranging from scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping and X-ray diffraction. By integrating carapace features with the chemical observations and biogeochemical model hindcast, we identify the occurrence of external carapace dissolution related to the steepest Ω calcite gradients (∆Ωcal,60) in the water column. Dissolution features are observed across the carapace, pereopods (legs), and around the calcified areas surrounding neuritic canals of mechanoreceptors. The carapace dissolution is the most extensive in the coastal habitats under prolonged (1-month) long exposure, as demonstrated by the use of the model hindcast. Such dissolution has a potential to destabilize mechanoreceptors with important sensory and behavioral functions, a pathway of sensitivity to OA. Carapace dissolution is negatively related to crab larval width, demonstrating a basis for energetic trade-offs. Using a retrospective prediction from a regression models, we estimate an 8.3% increase in external carapace dissolution over the last two decades and identified a set of affected OA-related sublethal pathways to inform future risk assessment studies of Dungeness crabs.
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•Coastal habitats with the steepest ocean acidification gradients are most detrimental for larval Dungeness crabs.•Severe carapace dissolution was observed in larval Dungeness crabs along the US west coast.•Mechanoreceptors with important sensory and behavioral functions were destabilized.•Dissolution is negatively related to the growth, demonstrating energetic trade-offs.•10% dissolution increase over the last two decades estimated due to atmospheric CO2.
•A number of response monitoring processes are confounded in electrophysiological measures time-locked to discrete button-press responses.•We use co-registration of kinematic markers of ongoing ...response dynamics to investigate the behavioral correlates of ERN/Pe and midline frontal theta oscillations.•Using a novel, stepwise time-locking analysis, we found that the ERN latency and peak midline frontal theta latency were strongly positively correlated with the timing of cancelation of movement when transitioning from an incorrect to a correct response.•The results are discussed in the context of prevailing conflict monitoring and error detection theories of the ERN.
Error-related electroencephalographic potentials have been used for decades to develop theoretical models of response monitoring processes, study altered cognitive functioning in clinical populations, and more recently, to improve the performance of brain-computer interfaces. However, the vast majority of this research relies on discrete behavioral responses that confound error detection, response cancelation, error correction, and post-error cognitive and affective processes. By contrast, the present study demonstrates a novel, complementary method for isolating the functional correlates of error-related electroencephalographic responses using single-trial kinematic analyses of cursor trajectories and a stepwise time-locking analysis. The results reveal that the latency of the ERN, Pe, and medial-frontal theta oscillations are all strongly positively correlated with the latency at which an initiated error response is canceled, as indicated by the peak deceleration of the initiated movement prior to a corrective response. Results are discussed with respect to current theoretical models of error-related brain potentials and potential relevance to clinical applications.
The revolution and acceleration in DNA sequencing over the past three decades has driven the development of new biomolecular tools like environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding for characterizing ...marine biodiversity. In order to operationalize eDNA approaches for routine NOAA observatories, new bioinformatic programs and improved organismal reference barcodes are needed to serve accurate and reliable biological data in a timely manner. To address these needs, we present Rapid Exploration and Visualization through an Automated Metabarcoding Pipeline (REVAMP), which provides streamlined end-to-end data processing from raw reads to data exploration, visualization, and hypothesis generation. One benefit of REVAMP is the ability to iteratively assess marker gene and reference database performance. Here, we used a filtered reference database that only included sequences uploaded prior to specified date cutoffs from 1995 to 2022 to analyze changes in eDNA metabarcoding taxonomic assignments, revealing patterns of uneven improvement in taxonomic assignment depth and accuracy across time, region, and marker sets. This work highlights the need for targeted reference sequencing efforts for key regional taxa and the importance of such efforts for improving eDNA biomonitoring approaches in the future.
Multiple stressors co-occurring in coastal waters are of increasing concern to local fisheries. Many economically, culturally, or ecologically important species (e.g., oysters, crabs, pteropods) in ...the Pacific Northwest are already directly affected by ocean acidification (OA), warming, and hypoxia. Additional indirect economic impacts on the finfish industry are possible due to losses of prey species. Because of strong seasonal and interannual variations in ocean conditions, capability for predicting degrees of acidification and hypoxia, as well as relevant indices of impact for species of interest, could be of considerable benefit to managers. Over the past 10 years, we have developed a seasonal ocean prediction system, JISAO’s Seasonal Coastal Ocean Prediction of the Ecosystem (J-SCOPE), for the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest. The goal has been to provide seasonal (six-month) predictions of ocean conditions that are testable and relevant to management decisions regarding fisheries, protected species, and ecosystem health. The results of this work include publicly available seasonal forecasts of OA variables, hypoxia, temperature, and ecological indicators that are tailored for decision-makers involved in federal, international, state, and tribal fisheries. We codesigned J-SCOPE model products with state and tribal managers, and now federal managers at the Pacific Fishery Management Council receive J-SCOPE forecasts of OA and hypoxia within their annual Ecosystem Status Reports. US and Canadian managers of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) are now briefed on J-SCOPE-driven forecasts of hake distribution. Most recently, new ocean acidification indices specific to Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) have been co-produced with state and tribal managers. In each of these cases, the team has also investigated the sources of skill in forecasting ocean conditions to assess applicability of the forecasts to the variables, depths, and seasons relevant to these high-value fisheries. Observations from NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and other regional partners have provided critical validation of model performance throughout the model development process. We offer a retrospective look at the first 10 years of forecasting to provide perspective on its successes and limitations, and the potential global applicability of seasonal forecasting to inform flexible management responses to rapidly changing climate and ocean conditions.
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