Mung Bean: Technological and Nutritional Potential Dahiya, P. K; Linnemann, A. R; Van Boekel, M. A. J. S ...
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition,
01/2015, Letnik:
55, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) has been intensively researched; scattered data are available on various properties. Data on physical, chemical, food processing, and nutritional properties ...were collected for whole mung bean grains and reviewed to assess the crop's potential as food and to set research priorities. Results show that mung bean is a rich source of protein (14.6–33.0 g/100 g) and iron (5.9–7.6 mg/100 g). Grain color is correlated with compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids, while grain hardness is associated with fiber content. Physical properties like grain dimensions, sphericity, porosity, bulk, and true density are related to moisture content. Anti-nutrients are phytic acid, tannins, hemagglutinins, and polyphenols. Reported nutrient contents vary greatly, the causes of which are not well understood. Grain size and color have been associated with different regions and were used by plant breeders for selection purposes. Analytical methods require more accuracy and precision to distinguish biological variation from analytical variation. Research on nutrient digestibility, food processing properties, and bioavailability is needed. Furthermore, the effects of storage and processing on nutrients and food processing properties are required to enable optimization of processing steps, for better mung bean food quality and process efficiency.
Abstract Background L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) expression has been implicated as risk factor for disease recurrence in endometrial cancer (EC), most likely due to its role in promoting tumour ...cell motility. We tested the performance of L1CAM expression in predicting the risk of recurrence in the randomised post operative radiation therapy in endometrial carcinoma (PORTEC)-1 and -2 trials. Methods In the PORTEC trials, stage I EC patients were randomised to external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) versus no additional treatment (PORTEC-1, n = 714), or to EBRT versus vaginal brachytherapy (PORTEC-2, n = 427). Tumour samples of 865 (75.8%) patients were available for L1CAM expression analysis by immunohistochemistry. An established scoring system for EC was used, with >10% L1CAM staining defined as positive. Results Positive L1CAM expression was significantly correlated with risk of distant recurrence, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1–8.7) but not with vaginal relapse, while a trend for pelvic nodal relapse was found. Tumours with the highest expression levels (>50% positive) had the strongest risk of distant recurrence (HR 5.3, CI 2.7–10.4). In multivariate Cox analysis with the risk factors age, depth of invasion, grade, lympho-vascular space invasion (LVSI) and treatment, L1CAM expression remained an independent prognostic factor for distant recurrence (HR 3.5, CI 1.92–6.30) and overall survival (HR 2.1, CI 1.41–2.98). Conclusion L1CAM expression is a strong independent predictor for distant recurrence and overall survival in stage I endometrial cancer. These results warrant prospective validation of L1CAM as marker for selecting patients who could benefit from more extensive diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures.
Lupinus mutabilis has protein (32.0-52.6 g/100 g dry weight) and lipid (13.0-24.6 g/100 g dry weight) contents similar to soya bean (Glycine max). The Ω3, Ω6, and Ω9 contents are 1.9-3.0, 26.5-39.6, ...and 41.2-56.2 g/100 g lipid, respectively. Lupins can be used to fortify the protein content of pasta, bread, biscuits, salads, hamburgers, sausages, and can substitute milk and soya bean. Specific lupin protein concentrates or isolates display protein solubility (>90%), water-absorption capacity (4.5 g/g dry weight), oil-absorption capacity (3.98 g/g), emulsifying capacity (2000 mL of oil/g), emulsifying stability (100%, 60 hours), foaming capacity (2083%), foaming stability (78.8%, 36 hours), and least gelation concentration (6%), which are of industrial interest. Lupins contain bitter alkaloids. Preliminary studies on their toxicity suggest as lethal acute dose for infants and children 10 mg/kg bw and for adults 25 mg/kg bw. However, alkaloids can also have medical use for their hypocholesterolemic, antiarrhythmic, and immunosuppressive activity. Bitter lupins can be detoxified by biological, chemical, or aqueous processes. The shortest debittering process requires one hour. This review presents the nutritional composition of lupins, their uses (as food, medicine, and functional protein isolates), toxicology, and debittering process scenarios. It critically evaluates the data, infers conclusions, and makes suggestions for future research.
Mismatch repair (MMR)-deficiency analysis is increasingly recommended for all endometrial cancers, as it identifies Lynch syndrome patients, and is emerging as a prognostic classifier to guide ...adjuvant treatment. The aim of this study was to define the optimal approach for MMR-deficiency testing and to clarify discrepancies between microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of MMR protein expression.
Six hundred ninety- six endometrial cancers were analyzed for MSI (pentaplex panel) and MMR protein expression (IHC). Agreement between methodologies was calculated using Cohen’s Kappa. MLH1 promoter hypermethylation, dinucleotide microsatellite markers and somatic MMR and POLE exonuclease domain (EDM) gene variants (using next-generation/Sanger sequencing) were analyzed in discordant cases.
MSI was found in 180 patients. Complete loss of expression of one or more MMR proteins was observed in 196 cases. A PMS2- and MSH6-antibody panel detected all cases with loss of MMR protein expression. The results of MSI and MMR protein expression were concordant in 655/696 cases (kappa=0.854, P<0.001). Ambiguous cases (n=41, 6%) included: subclonal loss of MMR protein expression (n=18), microsatellite stable or MSI-low cases with loss of MMR protein expression (n=20), and MSI-low or MSI-high cases with retained MMR protein expression (n=3). Most of these cases could be explained by MLH1 promoter hypermethylation. Five of seven cases with solitary loss of PMS2 or MSH6 protein expression carried somatic gene variants. Two MSI-high cases with retained MMR protein expression carried a POLE-EDM variant.
MSI and IHC analysis are highly concordant in endometrial cancer. This holds true for cases with subclonal loss of MMR protein expression. Discordant MMR-proficient/MSI-high cases (<1%), may be explained by POLE-EDM variants.
Abstract Objective Since the Group Européen de Curiethérapie and the European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (GEC–ESTRO) published recommendations for 3D MRI-based image-guided adaptive ...brachytherapy (IGBT) in the treatment of cervical cancer, many institutions have implemented this technique and favourable results were documented. We investigated if introduction of IGBT in our centre indeed improved treatment outcomes and reduced toxicity compared to conventional brachytherapy (CBT). Methods A retrospective analysis was done of outcomes of patients with stage IB-IVA cervical cancer treated with primary radiation therapy with curative intent between 2000 and 2012. Outcome measures were overall and disease-free survival, pelvic control, distant metastasis and treatment related adverse events (AE). Results 126 patients were analysed; 43 had been treated with CBT between 2000–2007, and 83 with IGBT between 2007–2012. External beam radiation (mean; 46.6 Gy) was combined with concurrent weekly cisplatin (51.6%), or hyperthermia (24.6%); radiation alone was used in 23.8%. Median follow-up was 121.8 months for CBT patients, vs. 42.3 months for IGBT. Complete remission was achieved in 83.7% of patients in the CBT group and in 98.8% of IGBT patients (p < 0.01). Overall survival at 3 years was 51% and 86%, respectively (p = 0.001). Pelvic recurrence was found in 32% vs. 7% (p < 0.001). Most patients had low grade adverse events. High grade (3–4) AE occurred in 15.4% vs. 8.4% at 3 years (p = 0.06). Conclusion Introduction of IGBT for cervical cancer has led to significantly increased 3-year locoregional control and survival rates, whilst reducing late morbidity.
Summary Background After surgery for intermediate-risk endometrial carcinoma, the vagina is the most frequent site of recurrence. This study established whether vaginal brachytherapy (VBT) is as ...effective as pelvic external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in prevention of vaginal recurrence, with fewer adverse effects and improved quality of life. Methods In this open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial undertaken in 19 Dutch radiation oncology centres, 427 patients with stage I or IIA endometrial carcinoma with features of high-intermediate risk were randomly assigned by a computer-generated, biased coin minimisation procedure to pelvic EBRT (46 Gy in 23 fractions; n=214) or VBT (21 Gy high-dose rate in three fractions, or 30 Gy low-dose rate; n=213). All investigators were masked to the assignment of treatment group. The primary endpoint was vaginal recurrence. The predefined non-inferiority margin was an absolute difference of 6% in vaginal recurrence. Analysis was by intention to treat, with competing risk methods. The study is registered, number ISRCTN16228756. Findings At median follow-up of 45 months (range 18–78), three vaginal recurrences had been diagnosed after VBT and four after EBRT. Estimated 5-year rates of vaginal recurrence were 1·8% (95% CI 0·6–5·9) for VBT and 1·6% (0·5–4·9) for EBRT (hazard ratio HR 0·78, 95% CI 0·17–3·49; p=0·74). 5-year rates of locoregional relapse (vaginal or pelvic recurrence, or both) were 5·1% (2·8–9·6) for VBT and 2·1% (0·8–5·8) for EBRT (HR 2·08, 0·71–6·09; p=0·17). 1·5% (0·5–4·5) versus 0·5% (0·1–3·4) of patients presented with isolated pelvic recurrence (HR 3·10, 0·32–29·9; p=0·30), and rates of distant metastases were similar (8·3% 5·1–13·4 vs 5·7% 3·3–9·9; HR 1·32, 0·63–2·74; p=0·46). We recorded no differences in overall (84·8% 95% CI 79·3–90·3 vs 79·6% 71·2–88·0; HR 1·17, 0·69–1·98; p=0·57) or disease-free survival (82·7% 76·9–88·6 vs 78·1% 69·7–86·5; HR 1·09, 0·66–1·78; p=0·74). Rates of acute grade 1–2 gastrointestinal toxicity were significantly lower in the VBT group than in the EBRT group at completion of radiotherapy (12·6% 27/215 vs 53·8% 112/208). Interpretation VBT is effective in ensuring vaginal control, with fewer gastrointestinal toxic effects than with EBRT. VBT should be the adjuvant treatment of choice for patients with endometrial carcinoma of high-intermediate risk. Funding Dutch Cancer Society.
To determine the activity of radiotherapy in patients with inoperable desmoid-type fibromatosis (DF) a multicenter prospective phase II trial was carried out.
Patients with inoperable progressive ...disease of primary, recurrent or incompletely resected lesions received a dose of 56 Gy in 28 fractions. Follow-up MRI studies were carried out every 3 months for 2 years and thereafter every 6 months. The primary end point was local control rate at 3 years, estimated by a nonparametric method for interval-censored survival data. Secondary end points were objective tumor response, acute and late toxic effect.
Forty-four patients (27 F/17 M) were enrolled from 2001 to 2008. Median age was 39.5 years. Main tumor sites included trunk 15 (34.1%) and extremities 27 (61.3%). Median follow-up was 4.8 years. The 3-year local control rate was 81.5% (90% one-sided confidence interval 74% to 100%). Best overall response during the first 3 years was complete response (CR) 6 (13.6%), partial response (PR) 16 (36.4%), stable disease 18 (40.9%), progressive disease 3 (6.8%) and nonassessable 1 (2.3%). Five patients developed new lesions. After 3 years, the response further improved in three patients: (CR 2, PR 1). Acute grade 3 side-effects were limited to skin, mucosal membranes and pain. Late toxic effect consisted of mild edema in 10 patients.
Moderate dose radiotherapy is an effective treatment of patients with DF. Response after radiation therapy is slow with continuing regression seen even after 3 years.
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•The pattern of failure for IDH mutated, grade 2 glioma is predominantly in – field.•Pattern of failure in this study is comparable to historic data.•A lower percentage of recurrences ...are covered by a 5 mm expansion of the GTV.
PORTEC-2 was a randomised trial for women with high-intermediate risk (HIR) endometrial cancer, comparing pelvic external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with vaginal brachytherapy (VBT). We evaluated ...long-term outcomes combined with the results of pathology review and molecular analysis.
427 women with HIR endometrial cancer were randomised between 2002-2006 to VBT or EBRT. Primary endpoint was vaginal recurrence (VR). Pathology review was done in 97.4%, combined with molecular analysis.
Median follow-up was 116 months; 10-year VR was 3.4% versus 2.4% for VBT vs. EBRT (p = 0.55). Ten-year pelvic recurrence (PR) was more frequent in the VBT group (6.3% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.004), mostly combined with distant metastases (DM). Ten-year isolated PR was 2.5% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.10, and DM 10.4 vs. 8.9% (p = 0.45). Overall survival for VBT vs. EBRT was 69.5% vs. 67.6% at 10 years (p = 0.72). L1CAM and p53-mutant expression and substantial lymph-vascular space invasion were risk factors for PR and DM. EBRT reduced PR in cases with these risk factors.
Long-term results of the PORTEC-2 trial confirm VBT as standard adjuvant treatment for HIR endometrial cancer. Molecular risk assessment has the potential to guide adjuvant therapy. EBRT provided better pelvic control in patients with unfavourable risk factors.
The clinical role of the molecular endometrial cancer (EC) classification has not been fully explored in patients staged with lymphadenectomy or without adjuvant treatment, conditions that could ...potentially moderate the prognostic value of the classification. We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcome of the molecular subgroups in patients with high-grade EC staged by lymphadenectomy and those without adjuvant treatment.
DNA-sequencing for the detection of pathogenic POLE-exonuclease domain mutations and immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair (MMR) proteins and p53 expression were performed on 412 high-grade EC from the Danish Gynaecological Cancer Database (2005–2012) to classify them as POLE-ultramutated (POLEmut), MMR-deficient (MMRd), p53-mutant (p53abn), or no specific molecular profile (NSMP). Patients with stage IV or residual disease after surgery were excluded. Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard models were used for analysis.
Molecular analysis was successful in 367 EC; 251 patients had undergone lymphadenectomy. Five-year recurrence rates in this subgroup of patients was 36.7% for women with p53abn EC, 0.0% for POLEmut EC, 13.4% for MMRd EC and 42.9% for NSMP EC (p < 0.001). Similar results were observed among stage IA-IB patients. Among patients without adjuvant treatment (n = 264), none with POLEmut EC (n = 26) had a recurrence.
The molecular EC classification has strong prognostic value, independent of clinicopathological factors, also among high-grade EC patients staged by lymphadenectomy and those without adjuvant treatment. The unfavourable prognosis of early-stage p53abn EC is not due to undetected lymph node metastasis, and the indolent behaviour of POLEmut EC is independent of adjuvant treatment.
•The molecular endometrial cancer (EC) classification has independent prognostic value among women with high-grade EC.•P53 abnormal EC have a poor clinical outcome, also those staged by lymphadenectomy as stage I.•Patients with POLE-ultramutated EC have an excellent clinical outcome even when not receiving adjuvant treatment.
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