In most analytic studies of social networks carried out to date, networks have links which remain unchanged at all times. Hence, individuals have no control over the number, frequency or duration of ...their interactions with others. Here we introduce a model in which individuals differ in the rate at which they seek new interactions with others, making rational decisions modeled as general symmetric two-player games. Once a link between two individuals has formed, the productivity of this link is evaluated. Links can be broken off at different rates. We provide analytic results for the limiting cases where linking dynamics is much faster than evolutionary dynamics and vice-versa, and show how the individual capacity of forming new links or severing inconvenient ones maps into the problem of strategy evolution in a well-mixed population under a different game. For intermediate ranges, we investigate numerically the detailed interplay determined by these two time-scales and show that the scope of validity of the analytical results extends to a much wider ratio of time scales than expected.
Lysis of infected cells by CD8+ T cells is an important mechanism for the control of virus infections, but remains difficult to quantify in vivo. Here, we study the elimination kinetics of viral ...antigen‐positive lymphocytes by antiviral CD8+ T cells using flow cytometry and mathematical analysis. In mice acutely infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, more than 99.99 % of target cells were eliminated each day, corresponding to a half‐life of 1.4 h. Even in mice exposed to virus 300 days previously, and with no ex vivo killing activity, 84 % of the target cells were eliminated per day. Unexpectedly, the elimination kinetics of antigen‐positive lymphocytes was not significantly impaired in mice deficient in either perforin‐, CD95 ligand‐ or TNF‐mediated cytotoxicity. For viruses with a particular tropism for lymphocytes, such as Epstein‐Barr virus or HIV, our results illustrate how effectively CD8+ T cell‐mediated elimination of target cells can potentially contribute to virus control and immunosuppression.
We provide real-world evidence of the importance of observability in supporting large-scale cooperation. We show that observability triples participation in an energy efficiency program, and is over ...four times as effective as offering a $25 monetary incentive. Furthermore, we provide evidence that reputational concerns are driving our observability effect.
The CATNON trial investigated the addition of concurrent, adjuvant, and both current and adjuvant temozolomide to radiotherapy in adults with newly diagnosed 1p/19q non-co-deleted anaplastic gliomas. ...The benefit of concurrent temozolomide chemotherapy and relevance of mutations in the IDH1 and IDH2 genes remain unclear.
This randomised, open-label, phase 3 study done in 137 institutions across Australia, Europe, and North America included patients aged 18 years or older with newly diagnosed 1p/19q non-co-deleted anaplastic gliomas and a WHO performance status of 0–2. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) centrally using a minimisation technique to radiotherapy alone (59·4 Gy in 33 fractions; three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy or intensity-modulated radiotherapy), radiotherapy with concurrent oral temozolomide (75 mg/m2 per day), radiotherapy with adjuvant oral temozolomide (12 4-week cycles of 150–200 mg/m2 temozolomide given on days 1–5), or radiotherapy with both concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide. Patients were stratified by institution, WHO performance status score, age, 1p loss of heterozygosity, the presence of oligodendroglial elements on microscopy, and MGMT promoter methylation status. The primary endpoint was overall survival adjusted by stratification factors at randomisation in the intention-to-treat population. A second interim analysis requested by the independent data monitoring committee was planned when two-thirds of total required events were observed to test superiority or futility of concurrent temozolomide. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00626990.
Between Dec 4, 2007, and Sept 11, 2015, 751 patients were randomly assigned (189 to radiotherapy alone, 188 to radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide, 186 to radiotherapy and adjuvant temozolomide, and 188 to radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide). Median follow-up was 55·7 months (IQR 41·0–77·3). The second interim analysis declared futility of concurrent temozolomide (median overall survival was 66·9 months 95% CI 45·7–82·3 with concurrent temozolomide vs 60·4 months 45·7–71·5 without concurrent temozolomide; hazard ratio HR 0·97 99·1% CI 0·73–1·28, p=0·76). By contrast, adjuvant temozolomide improved overall survival compared with no adjuvant temozolomide (median overall survival 82·3 months 95% CI 67·2–116·6 vs 46·9 months 37·9–56·9; HR 0·64 95% CI 0·52–0·79, p<0·0001). The most frequent grade 3 and 4 toxicities were haematological, occurring in no patients in the radiotherapy only group, 16 (9%) of 185 patients in the concurrent temozolomide group, and 55 (15%) of 368 patients in both groups with adjuvant temozolomide. No treatment-related deaths were reported.
Adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy, but not concurrent temozolomide chemotherapy, was associated with a survival benefit in patients with 1p/19q non-co-deleted anaplastic glioma. Clinical benefit was dependent on IDH1 and IDH2 mutational status.
Merck Sharpe & Dohme.
Sustainable aquatic resources management requires reliable methods for fish detection in various environmental conditions. Herein, we study fundamental mechanisms underlying the application of ...electrical impedance measurements in this regard. We present results of experimental studies conducted in laboratory conditions using a low-cost impedance measurement circuit, as well as the corresponding numerical models. We also present evaluation results of a newly developed, real-time detection algorithm based on adaptive thresholding. The numerical model was validated by extracting fish tracks in 3D space from the experimental datasets, and then comparing the calculated versus measured impedance values as functions of fish coordinates in time. Numerical predictions closely resemble the experimental data. The detection sensitivity and specificity values determined for various settings exceeded 90%. Electrode width to spacing ratio is demonstrated to be a crucial parameter influencing the system sensitivity distribution. The introduced approach can constitute a framework for designing electrical impedance-based fish counting systems.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Being successfully introduced into the market only 25 years ago, lithium ion batteries are already state-of-the-art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for ...energy storage in large-size batteries. A major challenge is the degradation of the cell constituents, which is called aging and which minimizes both storage lifetime (calendar life) and operation lifetime (cycle life). Due to the numerous aging effects, both in the individual constituents and their interactions with each other, a myriad of instruments and methods are reported in the literature for the investigation of these effects. Elemental analysis of lithium ion batteries and their decomposition products can provide valuable information in order to overcome or at least minimize the aging effects and support the improvement of the consumer acceptance of lithium ion batteries for electro-mobility, stationary and grid applications. In this review, we show a comprehensive overview of the elemental analysis of lithium ion battery constituents and their degradation products.
Trust based attachment Kates-Harbeck, Julian; Nowak, Martin
PloS one,
08/2023, Letnik:
18, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In social systems subject to indirect reciprocity, a positive reputation is key for increasing one’s likelihood of future positive interactions 1–13. The flow of gossip can amplify the impact of a ...person’s actions on their reputation depending on how widely it spreads across the social network, which leads to a percolation problem 14. To quantify this notion, we calculate the expected number of individuals, the “audience”, who find out about a particular interaction. For a potential donor, a larger audience constitutes higher reputational stakes, and thus a higher incentive, to perform “good” actions in line with current social norms 7, 15. For a receiver, a larger audience therefore increases the trust that the partner will be cooperative. This idea can be used for an algorithm that generates social networks, which we call trust based attachment (TBA). TBA produces graphs that share crucial quantitative properties with real-world networks, such as high clustering, small-world behavior, and powerlaw degree distributions 16–21. We also show that TBA can be approximated by simple friend-of-friend routines based on triadic closure, which are known to be highly effective at generating realistic social network structures 19, 22–25. Therefore, our work provides a new justification for triadic closure in social contexts based on notions of trust, gossip, and social information spread. These factors are thus identified as potential significant influences on how humans form social ties.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for ...energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components. Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today. The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the current state of the art needs to be analyzed, improved, and adapted for the coming cell chemistries and components. This paper provides an overview of regulations and new battery directive demands. It covers current practices in material collection, sorting, transportation, handling, and recycling. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.
Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.
The role of temozolomide chemotherapy in newly diagnosed 1p/19q non-co-deleted anaplastic gliomas, which are associated with lower sensitivity to chemotherapy and worse prognosis than 1p/19q ...co-deleted tumours, is unclear. We assessed the use of radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide in adults with non-co-deleted anaplastic gliomas.
This was a phase 3, randomised, open-label study with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older and had newly diagnosed non-co-deleted anaplastic glioma with WHO performance status scores of 0–2. The randomisation schedule was generated with the electronic EORTC web-based ORTA system. Patients were assigned in equal numbers (1:1:1:1), using the minimisation technique, to receive radiotherapy (59·4 Gy in 33 fractions of 1·8 Gy) alone or with adjuvant temozolomide (12 4-week cycles of 150–200 mg/m2 temozolomide given on days 1–5); or to receive radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide 75 mg/m2 per day, with or without adjuvant temozolomide. The primary endpoint was overall survival adjusted for performance status score, age, 1p loss of heterozygosity, presence of oligodendroglial elements, and MGMT promoter methylation status, analysed by intention to treat. We did a planned interim analysis after 219 (41%) deaths had occurred to test the null hypothesis of no efficacy (threshold for rejection p<0·0084). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00626990.
At the time of the interim analysis, 745 (99%) of the planned 748 patients had been enrolled. The hazard ratio for overall survival with use of adjuvant temozolomide was 0·65 (99·145% CI 0·45–0·93). Overall survival at 5 years was 55·9% (95% CI 47·2–63·8) with and 44·1% (36·3–51·6) without adjuvant temozolomide. Grade 3–4 adverse events were seen in 8–12% of 549 patients assigned temozolomide, and were mainly haematological and reversible.
Adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy was associated with a significant survival benefit in patients with newly diagnosed non-co-deleted anaplastic glioma. Further analysis of the role of concurrent temozolomide treatment and molecular factors is needed.
Schering Plough and MSD.
A fundamental aspect of all biological systems is cooperation. Cooperative interactions are required for many levels of biological organization ranging from single cells to groups of animals
1
–
4
. ...Human society is based to a large extent on mechanisms that promote cooperation
5
–
7
. It is well known that in unstructured populations, natural selection favors defectors over cooperators. There is much current interest, however, for studying evolutionary games in structured populations and on graphs
8
–
17
. These efforts recognize the fact that who-meets-whom is not random, but determined by spatial relationships or social networks
18
–
24
. Here we describe a surprisingly simple rule, which is a good approximation for all graphs that we have analyzed, including cycles, spatial lattices, random regular graphs, random graphs and scale-free networks
25
,
26
: natural selection favors cooperation, if the benefit of the altruistic act,
b
, divided by the cost,
c
, exceeds the average number of neighbors,
k
. Therefore, cooperation can evolve as a consequence of ‘social viscosity’ even in the absence of reputation effects or strategic complexity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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