Resumo: Este artigo traz uma análise da consonância entre as disciplinas oferecidas pelos programas acadêmicos de pós-graduação stricto sensu da área de Ensino de Ciências, ou que possuem linhas de ...pesquisa nessa área, os quais abordam em suas ementas a docência no ensino superior e os objetivos dos programas. Para isso, foi feita uma busca dos programas das instituições públicas de ensino superior, leitura de seus objetivos e ementas, dentre aqueles que ofereciam disciplinas centradas na docência no ensino superior, no período de junho a agosto de 2021. Os resultados foram analisados por meio da metodologia de análise de conteúdo e indicam que alguns programas com o objetivo na formação de professores, não apresentam disciplinas sobre a docência no ensino superior. Conclui-se que o percurso histórico de consolidação da pós-graduação stricto sensu, legislação específica e o escasso processo avaliativo da qualidade do ensino estimulam a priorização da pesquisa em detrimento ao ensino.
Abstract: This article provides an analysis of the concord between the courses offered in the stricto sensu academic programs in the area of Science Teaching – or those that have research strands in this area – which deal with teaching in higher education in their curricula and the objectives in the programs, in the period between June and August 2021. To do that, a search was conducted of the programs offered by public higher education institutions, followed by reading their objectives and curricula, among those that offered courses focusing on teaching in higher education. The results indicate that some programs aim to train teachers do not have courses on teaching in higher education. It can be concluded that the historical path of consolidation of stricto sensu graduate studies, the specific legislation, and the scarce evaluation process of the quality of teaching encourage the prioritization of research to the detriment of teaching.
Blomia tropicalis mite is highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and it is associated with allergic diseases such as rhinitis and asthma. By using an OVA‐model of allergic lung disease, ...we have previously shown that sensitization in the presence of toll like receptors (TLRs) agonists attenuates subsequent OVA‐induced allergic responses. Here, we evaluated the effect of CpG‐ODN, a specific synthetic TLR‐9 agonist, on the development of experimental asthma induced by Blomia tropicalis extract, a relevant source of aeroallergens. Among different protocols of Blomia tropicalis extract sensitization, the subcutaneous sensitization in the presence of alum adjuvant induced the highest Th2 responses, including high IgE levels. Adsorption of CpG to Blomia tropicalis extract/Alum attenuated the airway hyperreactivity, the infiltration of inflammatory cells including eosinophils, and the IL‐5 content in BAL. In addition, lung peribronchial inflammatory infiltrate, mucus production and IL‐5‐producing CD3+CD4+ T cells were significantly reduced in the Blomia tropicalis extract/Alum+CpG group. Importantly, CpG inhibited total IgE production as well as active systemic or cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions. Inhibition of pulmonary Th2 responses was associated with increased IL‐10 production but not with IFN‐γ production. Notably, in IL‐10‐deficient mice, sensitization with OVA/Alum+CpG resulted in intense lung neutrophilia and IFN‐γ production, indicating that IL‐10 is necessary to inhibit subsequent Th1 immunity. Our work highlights the mechanisms of allergy attenuation by CpG and it indicates the potential use of Alum‐based formulation with CpG to treat allergic processes.
CpG dampens allergic responses induced by Blomia tropicalis HDM extract. Sensitization to Blomia tropicalis house dust mite (HDM) with CpG adsorbed to alum adjuvant prevents the development of HDM‐Blomia tropicalis‐induced allergic lung inflammation and anaphylactic Ab production.
Summary Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and an increasing threat in low-income and middle-income countries. Our findings in the 2013 Commission in The Lancet Oncology ...showed several discrepancies between the cancer landscape in Latin America and more developed countries. We reported that funding for health care was a small percentage of national gross domestic product and the percentage of health-care funds diverted to cancer care was even lower. Funds, insurance coverage, doctors, health-care workers, resources, and equipment were also very inequitably distributed between and within countries. We reported that a scarcity of cancer registries hampered the design of credible cancer plans, including initiatives for primary prevention. When we were commissioned by The Lancet Oncology to write an update to our report, we were sceptical that we would uncover much change. To our surprise and gratification much progress has been made in this short time. We are pleased to highlight structural reforms in health-care systems, new programmes for disenfranchised populations, expansion of cancer registries and cancer plans, and implementation of policies to improve primary cancer prevention.
In this study, yogurt was supplemented with 1.5 and 3.0 g L
−1
of grape extract, inoculated culture containing
Streptococcus thermophilus
,
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
,
Lactobacillus acidophilus
and
...Bifidobacterium bb12 bifidum
, fermented and stored at 4 °C. Acid production, microbial growth, gel strength, syneresis, rheological and sensory properties were studied. An increase in grape extract concentration extended fermentation time. Bacterial strains were found in at least 109 CFU100 g
−1
of yogurt showing the possibility of probiotic yogurt production with grape extract. Gel strength decreased with increasing concentration of grape extract while syneresis increased. The addition of grape extract changed the dilatant behavior to a pseudoplastic behavior, decreased yield stress, whereas k values increased. Sensory attributes (color, flavor, taste, texture and appearance) didn’t differ significantly.
This study aimed to investigate changes in muscle damage during the course of a 217-km mountain ultramarathon (MUM). In an integrative perspective, inflammatory response and renal function were also ...studied.
Six male ultra-runners were tested four times: pre-race, at 84 km, at 177 km, and immediately after the race. Blood samples were analyzed for serum muscle enzymes, acute-phase protein, cortisol, and renal function biomarkers.
Serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased significantly throughout the race (
< 0.001,
< 0.001;
= 0.002, respectively), and effect size (ES) denoted a large magnitude of muscle damage. These enzymes increased from pre-race (132 ± 18, 371 ± 66, and 28 ± 3 U/L, respectively) to 84 km (30, 1.8, and 3.9-fold, respectively); further increased from 84 to 177 km (4.6, 2.9, and 6.1-fold, respectively), followed by a stable phase until the finish line. Regarding the inflammatory response, significant differences were found for C-reactive protein (CRP) (
< 0.001) and cortisol (
< 0.001). CRP increased from pre-race (0.9 ± 0.3 mg/L) to 177 km (243-fold), cortisol increased from pre-race (257 ± 30 mmol/L) to the 84 km (2.9-fold), and both remained augmented until the finish line. Significant changes were observed for creatinine (
= 0.03), urea (
= 0.001), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (
< 0.001), and ES confirmed a moderate magnitude of changes in renal function biomarkers. Creatinine and urea increased, and GFR decreased from pre-race (1.00 ± 0.03 mg/dL, 33 ± 6 mg/dL, and 89 ± 5 ml/min/1.73 m
, respectively) to 84 km (1.3, 3.5, and 0.7-fold, respectively), followed by a plateau phase until the finish line.
This study shows evidence that muscle damage biomarkers presented early peak levels and they were followed by a plateau phase during the last segment of a 217-km MUM. The acute-phase response had a similar change of muscle damage. In addition, our data showed that our volunteers meet the risk criteria for acute kidney injury from 84 km until they finished the race, without demonstrating any clinical symptomatology.
The aim of this study was to determine treatment adherence relative to frequency of violence and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) among new methadone patients. Ninety-six opiate-abusing patients ...were evaluated for childhood physical and sexual abuse (CPSA), adulthood exposures to violence (ADVIOL), PTSD, and treatment adherence. Overall, 43% of the subjects dropped out of treatment within 3 months of intake. Occurrence of trauma or PTSD did not predict drop-out rates. A 2 (Gender) × 2 (PTSD) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with severity of other drug use on admission as a covariate, however, revealed a main effect for PTSD,
F(4, 71) = 7.69,
p ⩽ .01, such that those patients with current PTSD revealed significantly more ongoing drug use at 3 months (
M = 24.3,
SD = 20.9) than those without (
M = 8.9,
SD = 11.8). Examination of ongoing cocaine use using a 2 (Gender) × 2 (PTSD) ANCOVA also revealed a main effect for PTSD,
F(4, 17) = 8.24,
p ⩽ .005, such that those patients with current PTSD revealed significantly more ongoing cocaine use at 3 months postadmission (
M = 51.6,
SD = 37.6) than those without (
M = 24.3,
SD = 20.9). For both genders, CPSA and ADVIOL were associated with higher rates of PTSD, which in turn predicted poorer treatment adherence as measured by ongoing co-occurring drug abuse 3 months postadmission. Results underscore the need for routine assessment and targeted treatment of trauma in methadone patients.
Summary
This study aimed at investigating the effect of enzymatic bioprocessing and the addition of green coffee infusion on the nutritional, technological, and sensory characteristics of whole‐wheat ...bread as well as of information on sensory profile. The proposed strategies increased minerals and soluble fibre content. Green coffee addition increased phenolics content up to 58% and incorporated caffeine to its composition. Bioprocessing increased bread volume up to 18%. Both strategies modified breads' colour perception. In the blind CATA test, breads were grouped according to the employment of enzymatic bioprocessing, but not to the addition of green coffee infusion. Non‐bioprocessed samples were characterised with more favourable terms. The acceptance of bioprocessed breads was improved once information regarding the presence of healthy substances were given. Therefore, the use of both strategies was successful to improve technological and nutritional benefits when information was given to consumers, yielding a bread with promising market potential.
Bioprocessed bread added with green coffee is better sensorially accepted upon information regarding healthy substances.
Our aims were to test a liquid-based saliva collection system for total antioxidant status (TAS), uric acid (UA), total protein concentration (TP) and salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) activity; to ...determine if these analytes in serum and saliva are correlated in a physically active population and to establish reference intervals for these parameters.
Participants in this study were 115 physically active males (18–20
years old). Saliva samples were collected using the Saliva Collection System (Greiner Bio-One®) immediately before obtaining blood. Biochemical analyses were conducted using an Autolab Boehringer analyzer.
We found a correlation between UA and TP concentrations in serum and saliva samples. The reference intervals for TP and SAA activity in the morning were lower than in the afternoon (p
<
0.0001). The reference intervals for UA and TAS did not vary with the time of collection.
The establishment of reference intervals for these saliva constituents increases their diagnostic utility and allows for detection of physiological or pathological states.
► Saliva may be an alternative to blood for determining various analytes. ► Our results showed specific reference intervals for salivary analyses. ► Some salivary analytes could be influenced by circadian rhythms and physical training.
Vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) and yellow fever (YF) with live attenuated viruses can rarely cause life-threatening disease. Severe illness by MMR vaccines can be caused by ...inborn errors of type I and/or III interferon (IFN) immunity (mutations in
,
, or
). Adverse reactions to the YF vaccine have remained unexplained. We report two otherwise healthy patients, a 9-yr-old boy in Iran with severe measles vaccine disease at 1 yr and a 14-yr-old girl in Brazil with viscerotropic disease caused by the YF vaccine at 12 yr. The Iranian patient is homozygous and the Brazilian patient compound heterozygous for loss-of-function
variations. Patient-derived fibroblasts are susceptible to viruses, including the YF and measles virus vaccine strains, in the absence or presence of exogenous type I IFN. The patients' fibroblast phenotypes are rescued with WT
Autosomal recessive, complete IFNAR1 deficiency can result in life-threatening complications of vaccination with live attenuated measles and YF viruses in previously healthy individuals.
We applied a taxonomic approach to select the Eugenia dysenterica (Myrtaceae) leaf extract, known in Brazil as “cagaita,” and evaluated its gastroprotective effect. The ability of the extract or ...carbenoxolone to protect the gastric mucosa from ethanol/HCl-induced lesions was evaluated in mice. The contributions of nitric oxide (NO), endogenous sulfhydryl (SH) groups and alterations in HCl production to the extract’s gastroprotective effect were investigated. We also determined the antioxidant activity of the extract and the possible contribution of tannins to the cytoprotective effect. The extract and carbenoxolone protected the gastric mucosa from ethanol/HCl-induced ulcers, and the former also decreased HCl production. The blockage of SH groups but not the inhibition of NO synthesis abolished the gastroprotective action of the extract. Tannins are present in the extract, which was analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI); the tannins identified by fragmentation pattern (MS/MS) were condensed type-B, coupled up to eleven flavan-3-ol units and were predominantly procyanidin and prodelphinidin units. Partial removal of tannins from the extract abolished the cytoprotective actions of the extract. The extract exhibits free-radical-scavenging activity in vitro, and the extract/FeCl3 sequence stained gastric surface epithelial cells dark-gray. Therefore, E. dysenterica leaf extract has gastroprotective effects that appear to be linked to the inhibition of HCl production, the antioxidant activity and the endogenous SH-containing compounds. These pleiotropic actions appear to be dependent on the condensed tannins contained in the extract, which bind to mucins in the gastric mucosa forming a protective coating against damaging agents. Our study highlights the biopharmaceutical potential of E. dysenterica.
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