Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasingly prevalent worldwide, and disease‐modifying treatments may soon be at hand; hence, now, more than ever, there is a need to develop techniques that allow ...earlier and more secure diagnosis. Current biomarker‐based guidelines for AD diagnosis, which have replaced the historical symptom‐based guidelines, rely heavily on neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling. While these have greatly improved the diagnostic accuracy of AD pathophysiology, they are less practical for application in primary care, population‐based and epidemiological settings, or where resources are limited. In contrast, blood is a more accessible and cost‐effective source of biomarkers in AD. In this review paper, using the recently proposed amyloid, tau and neurodegeneration AT(N) criteria as a framework towards a biological definition of AD, we discuss recent advances in biofluid‐based biomarkers, with a particular emphasis on those with potential to be translated into blood‐based biomarkers. We provide an overview of the research conducted both in CSF and in blood to draw conclusions on biomarkers that show promise. Given the evidence collated in this review, plasma neurofilament light chain (N) and phosphorylated tau (p‐tau; T) show particular potential for translation into clinical practice. However, p‐tau requires more comparisons to be conducted between its various epitopes before conclusions can be made as to which one most robustly differentiates AD from non‐AD dementias. Plasma amyloid beta (A) would prove invaluable as an early screening modality, but it requires very precise tests and robust pre‐analytical protocols.
A 58-year-old right-handed woman presented to our institution with a 1-month history of polydipsia and polyuria. She had a remote history of neurofibroma excision by dermatology and, on examination, ...was noted to meet the clinical diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis type 1. Laboratory investigations revealed hypernatraemia and elevated serum osmolality, accompanied by reduced urinary osmolality. A subsequent water deprivation test confirmed central diabetes insipidus, which responded to treatment with desmopressin. MRI of the brain showed pituitary enlargement, which raised the possibility of an underlying pituitary adenoma or, alternatively, lymphocytic hypophysitis. Both conditions have rarely been described in neurofibromatosis.
Public and Patient Involvement in research is becoming a requirement on most research funding applications; this includes both healthcare and lab-based research. Whilst case studies and practical ...guides have been developed and are well documented for PPI in healthcare research, there is very little guidance available for PPI in lab-based research. In this piece we discuss our experience of how we have successfully involved patients in our translational cancer research, which is focused on developing personalised treatment for high-grade serous ovarian cancer. We discuss the benefits it has made to both our research and to us as researchers. The patients involved write about their experience, what they enjoyed, and the benefits they felt. Although PPI is quite topical and is being widely discussed, there is hesitancy among researchers, especially those in lab-based research about getting started because of a lack of practical guidance about how to implement it. Here, we have shared our experience, hopefully providing a practical example of how PPI can be incorporated into a lab-based research project.
In this paper an approach to improve the design of every day consumer products for inclusive design with a focus on elderly people with mild to medium physical and sensory impairments is presented. ...As mainstream manufactures do not have a detailed understanding of the needs of this target group the idea is to use a Virtual Human Model that covers these impairments. A Virtual Laboratory with three design phases is the approach to allow designers to plan and evaluate the user interfaces of their products. The paper gives a state of the art and presents the Virtual User Model as a mixture of human and environment context. In this paper we present results of an detailed ethnographic study. The research carried out on a group of 58 elderly people from the UK, Ireland and Germany who had a range of three mild-to-medium impairments; hearing, vision and manual dexterity.
The aim of inclusive design is to successfully integrate human factors in the product development process with the intention of making products accessible for the largest possible group of users. In ...order to meet this challenge, the involvement of human users has so far been an efficient approach. Yet, such ergonomics evaluation experiments that employ a versatility of user groups can be very time and cost-intensive. Therefore, virtual user models (VUM) have been proposed for supporting certain phases of the product development process. In this paper a model-based design approach is proposed, which supports inclusive design of physical user interfaces of consumer products at the early stages of product development. Accordingly the objective is to explore how virtual user models can be used to conceptualize user interfaces of consumer products in such a way that even the needs of users with physical impairments are fully considered.
The development of products that are accessible to the largest possible group of users can be regarded as a major challenge for manufacturers of consumer products. It is therefore crucial, that the ...product development process is supported by practical methods and tools that can help incorporate these essential human factors in early phases of the development process. Ergonomics evaluation and user testing with real users are user centred design methodologies often conducted by companies that are not only complex, but can be very time and cost-intensive. As an alternative approach virtual user models (VUM) have been proposed for supporting the early phases of the product development process. In this paper we will present the model-based design approach of the European research project VICON supporting inclusive design of consumer products particularly at the early stages of product development.
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