RAP GTPases, important regulators of cellular adhesion, are abundant signaling molecules in the platelet/megakaryocytic lineage. However, mice lacking the predominant isoform, RAP1B, display a ...partial platelet integrin activation defect and have a normal platelet count, suggesting the existence of a RAP1-independent pathway to integrin activation in platelets and a negligible role for RAP GTPases in megakaryocyte biology. To determine the importance of individual RAP isoforms on platelet production and on platelet activation at sites of mechanical injury or vascular leakage, we generated mice with megakaryocyte-specific deletion (mKO) of Rap1a and/or Rap1b. Interestingly, Rap1a/b-mKO mice displayed a marked macrothrombocytopenia due to impaired proplatelet formation by megakaryocytes. In platelets, RAP isoforms had redundant and isoform-specific functions. Deletion of RAP1B, but not RAP1A, significantly reduced α-granule secretion and activation of the cytoskeleton regulator RAC1. Both isoforms significantly contributed to thromboxane A2 generation and the inside-out activation of platelet integrins. Combined deficiency of RAP1A and RAP1B markedly impaired platelet aggregation, spreading, and clot retraction. Consistently, thrombus formation in physiological flow conditions was abolished in Rap1a/b-mKO, but not Rap1a-mKO or Rap1b-mKO, platelets. Rap1a/b-mKO mice were strongly protected from experimental thrombosis and exhibited a severe defect in hemostasis after mechanical injury. Surprisingly, Rap1a/b-mKO platelets were indistinguishable from controls in their ability to prevent blood–lymphatic mixing during development and hemorrhage at sites of inflammation. In summary, our studies demonstrate an essential role for RAP1 signaling in platelet integrin activation and a critical role in platelet production. Although important for hemostatic/thrombotic plug formation, platelet RAP1 signaling is dispensable for vascular integrity during development and inflammation.
•Deletion of both Rap1a and Rap1b impairs platelet production and abolishes platelet adhesion at sites of mechanical trauma.•Platelet RAP1 signaling is dispensable for vascular integrity during development and at sites of inflammation.
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The flexibility of MAPK cascade responses enables regulation of a vast array of cell fate decisions, but elucidating the mechanisms underlying this plasticity is difficult in endogenous signaling ...networks. We constructed insulated mammalian MAPK cascades in yeast to explore how intrinsic and extrinsic perturbations affect the flexibility of these synthetic signaling modules. Contrary to biphasic dependence on scaffold concentration, we observe monotonic decreases in signal strength as scaffold concentration increases. We find that augmenting the concentration of sequential kinases can enhance ultrasensitivity and lower the activation threshold. Further, integrating negative regulation and concentration variation can decouple ultrasensitivity and threshold from the strength of the response. Computational analyses show that cascading can generate ultrasensitivity and that natural cascades with different kinase concentrations are innately biased toward their distinct activation profiles. This work demonstrates that tunable signal processing is inherent to minimal MAPK modules and elucidates principles for rational design of synthetic signaling systems.
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► Synthetic biology approach enables study of insulated mammalian MAPK modules in yeast ► Kinase concentrations alone can broadly tune activation dynamics of MAPK cascade ► Enzymatic cascades can generate ultrasensitivity de novo ► Integrating regulatory modes allows decoupling of MAPK response characteristics
The cannabinoid agonist, HU210 has been evaluated in vivo in nociceptive and inflammatory pain models in the rat. The ED
50 for the anti-nociceptive (increasing mechanical withdrawal threshold) ...effect was 0.1 mg/kg−
1 i.p., and for anti-hypersensitivity and anti-inflammatory activity was 5 μg/kg−
1 i.p. (in the carrageenan model). The selective CB1 antagonist, AM281 (0.5 mg/kg−
1 i.p.) reversed effects of HU210 (10 and 30 μg/kg−
1 i.p.) in both nociceptive and inflammatory models of hypersensitivity. The selective CB2 antagonist, SR144528 (1 mg/kg−
1 i.p.) antagonised effects of HU210 (30 μg/kg−
1 i.p.) in the carrageenan induced inflammatory hypersensitivity. The CB2 agonist, 1-(2,3-Dichlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-(2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl)−1H-indole (GW405833) inhibited the hypersensitivity and was anti-inflammatory in vivo. These effects were blocked by SR144528. These findings suggest that CB1 receptors are involved in nociceptive pain and that both CB1 and CB2 receptors are involved in inflammatory hypersensitivity. Future studies will investigate effects on identified inflammatory cells within the inflamed tissue to further elucidate the role of cannabinoid receptors.
A firm’s reputation is perhaps one of its most important strategic resources. Using data from Fortune’s America’s Most Admired Companies survey, this article examines how layoffs affect the ...reputations of firms. The authors found that layoffs have a negative impact on a firm’s reputation and that this relationship is significantly stronger for newer firms than older firms. Limited support is found for the hypothesis that larger firms’ reputations will be buffered from the adverse effects of a layoff on their reputations. Implications of this research and future research questions are discussed.
Background
Next‐generation sequencing techniques have revealed that human and animal skin is colonised by a rich and diverse population of bacteria, and that microbial composition varies between ...different body sites and individuals. Very little is known about the normal microbiota of healthy equine skin.
Hypothesis/Objectives
To describe the taxonomic distributions of cutaneous bacterial microbiota in a population of healthy horses in Ontario, Canada, and to evaluate the effects of body site, individual and time of year on microbial diversity and community composition.
Animals
Samples were collected from four body sites (dorsum, ventral abdomen, pastern and groin) from 12 clinically healthy horses from the same farm. Samples were collected from all individuals at four time points (winter, spring, summer, autumn) within a calendar year.
Methods and materials
Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed following DNA extraction. Data were analysed using mothur software.
Results
Bacteria from 38 phyla and 1,665 genera were identified. Alpha diversity was higher in the winter and summer than spring and autumn although this was not statistically significant. Community membership and structure clustered more based on season than skin site.
Conclusions and clinical importance
Healthy equine skin is inhabited by a marked diversity of microbiota. Individuals living in a similar environment share overlapping cutaneous microbial populations. These populations vary significantly over time and between body sites.
Résumé
Contexte
Les techniques de séquençage de dernière génération ont révélé que la peau de l’homme et de l’animal est colonisée par une population riche et variée de bactéries et que la composition microbienne varie entre les différents sites corporels et entre individus. On en sait très peu sur le microbiote de la peau du cheval sain.
Hypothèses/Objectifs
Décrire les distributions taxonomiques du microbiote bactérien cutané d’une population de chevaux sains en Ontario, Canada et évaluer les effets du site corporel, de l’individu et de la période de l’année sur la diversité microbienne et la composition communautaire.
Sujets
Les échantillons ont été prélevés sur quatre sites corporels (dos, abdomen ventral, paturons et aine). De 12 chevaux cliniquement sains de la même ferme. Les échantillons ont été prélevés pour tous les individus à quatre périodes (hiver, printemps, été, automne) d’une même année.
Matériels et méthodes
Le séquençage par Illumina de la région V4 du gêne 16S ARNr a été réalisé à la suite de l’extraction d’ADN. Les données ont été analysées par programme MOTHUR.
Résultats
Les bactéries de 38 phyla et 1 665 genres ont été identifiées. La diversité alpha était plus élevée en hiver et été qu’au printemps et automne bien que ceci ne soit pas statistiquement significatif. L’appartenance et la structure de la communauté étaient groupées davantage à partir de la saison que du site cutané.
Conclusions et importance clinique
La peau de cheval sain est habituée par une diversité marquée de microbiote. Les individus vivant dans un environnement semblable partage des populations cutanées de microbiote se superposant. Ces populations varient significativement au cours du temps et entre les sites corporels.
Resumen
Introducción
las técnicas de secuenciación de próxima generación han revelado que la piel humana y animal está colonizada por una población rica y diversa de bacterias, y que la composición microbiana varía entre diferentes lugares del cuerpo e individuos. Se sabe muy poco sobre la microbiota normal de la piel equina sana.
Hipótesis/Objetivos
describir las distribuciones taxonómicas de la microbiota bacteriana cutánea en una población de caballos sanos en Ontario, Canadá, y evaluar los efectos de la localización corporal, el individuo y la época del año sobre la diversidad microbiana y la composición de la microflora.
Animales
Se recolectaron muestras de cuatro zonas del cuerpo (dorso, abdomen ventral, cuartilla e ingle) de 12 caballos clínicamente sanos de la misma granja. Se obtuvieron muestras de todos los individuos en cuatro momentos (invierno, primavera, verano, otoño) en un año de calendario.
Métodos y materiales
se realizó la secuenciación de Illumina de la región V4 del gen de RNAr 16S después de la extracción de DNA. Los datos se analizaron con el software MOTHUR.
Resultados
se identificaron bacterias de 38 phyla y 1,665 géneros. La diversidad alfa fue mayor en invierno y verano que en primavera y otoño, aunque esto no fue estadísticamente significativo. La diversidad y la estructura de la comunidad se agruparon más según la estación que la localización de la piel.
Conclusiones e importancia clínica
La piel sana de equinos está habitada por una marcada diversidad de microbiota. Los individuos que viven en un entorno similar comparten poblaciones microbianas cutáneas superpuestas. Estas poblaciones varían significativamente con el tiempo y entre los sitios del cuerpo.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Next‐Generation‐Sequencing Techniken haben gezeigt, dass die menschliche wie auch die tierische Haut von einer reichen und diversen Bakterienpopulation kolonisiert wird und dass die mikrobielle Zusammensetzung zwischen den unterschiedlichen Körperstellen und den Individuen variiert. Es ist sehr wenig bekannt über das normale Mikrobiom der gesunden Pferdehaut.
Hypothese/Ziele
Die Beschreibung der taxonomischen Verteilung der kutanen bakteriellen Mikrobiome in einer gesunden Pferdepopulation in Ontario, Kanada, sowie die Evaluierung der Einflüsse von Körperstellen, Individuen und Jahreszeit auf die mikrobielle Diversität und Zusammensetzung.
Tiere
Bei 12 klinisch gesunden Pferden derselben Farm wurden Proben von vier Körperstellen genommen (Rücken, ventrales Abdomen, und Sprunggelenke und Leiste). Es wurden von allen Individuen zu vier Zeitpunkten (Winter, Frühling, Sommer, Herbst) innerhalb eines Kalenderjahres Proben genommen.
Methoden und Materialien
Illumina Sequenzierung der V4 Region des 16S rRNA Gens wurde nach DNA Extraktion durchgeführt. Die Daten wurden mittels MOTHUR Software analysiert.
Ergebnisse
Bakterien von 38 Phyla und 1.665 Genera wurden identifiziert. Die Alpha Diversität war im Winter und Sommer höher als im Frühling und im Herbst, obwohl dies nicht statistisch signifikant war. Die Community Mitgliedschaft und Struktur trat je nach Saison, nicht aber Körperstelle, gehäuft auf.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung
Gesunde Pferdehaut wird von deutlich unterschiedlichen Mikrobiota bewohnt. Individuen, die in einer ähnlichen Umgebung wohnen, teilen diese kutanen Mikrobiota. Diese Populationen variieren mit der Zeit und zwischen Körperstellen signifikant.
要約
背景
次世代シーケンシング技術により、ヒトや動物の皮膚には豊富で多様な細菌群が生息しており、微生物の構成は身体の部位や個人によって異なることが明らかになった。健常馬の皮膚の正常な微生物叢についてはほとんど知られていない。
仮説・目的
本研究の目的は、カナダ・オンタリオ州の健常馬集団における皮膚細菌微生物叢の分類学的分布を明らかにし、体の部位、個体、時期が微生物の多様性および群集組成に及ぼす影響を評価することであった。
供試動物‐同
牧場の臨床的に健常な馬12頭の4部位 (背、腹、前脚、鼠径部) からサンプルを採取した。サンプルは、1暦年内の4時点 (冬、春、夏、秋) ですべての個体から採取した。
材料と方法
16S rRNA遺伝子のV4領域のイルミナシークエンス法を、DNA抽出後に実施した。データはMOTHURソフトウェアを用いて解析した
結果
38門、1,665属の細菌が同定された。α多様性は、春と秋よりも冬と夏の方が高かったが、これは統計的には有意ではなかった。群集の構成および構造は、皮膚の部位よりも季節に基づいてクラスター化していた。
結論と臨床上の重要性
健常馬の皮膚には、顕著な多様性を持った微生物が生息している。同じような環境で生活している個体は、皮膚の微生物集団が重複している。これらの個体群は、時間の経過とともに、また体の部位間で大きく変化する。
摘要
背景‐新
代测序技术揭示了人类和动物皮肤被丰富多样的细菌群定植, 并且不同身体部位和个体之间的微生物组成不同。对健康马皮肤的正常微生物群知之甚少
假设/目的
描述加拿大安大略省健康马种群中皮肤细菌微生物区系的分类分布, 并评价身体部位、个体和一年中的时间对微生物多样性和群落组成的影响。
动物‐从同
农场的12匹临床健康马的4个身体部位 (背部、腹侧腹部、胸骨和腹股沟) 采集样本。在一个日历年内的4个时间点 (冬季、春季、夏季、秋季) 采集所有个体的样本。
方法和材料
DNA提取后对16S rRNA基因V4区进行Illumina测序。使用Mothur软件分析数据。
结果
鉴定出38个门和1665个属的细菌。冬季和夏季的α多样性高于春季和秋季, 但无统计学意义。微生物种类和聚集结构更多地基于季节而不是皮肤部位。
结论和临床重要性
健康马皮肤的微生物区系定植呈现着显著多样性。生活在相似环境中的个体, 其皮肤微生物种群具有相似性。这些微生物群随时间和身体部位发生着显著变化。
Resumo
Contexto
As técnicas de sequenciamento de última geração demonstraram que a pele humana e animal é colonizada por uma população rica e diversa de bactérias e que a composição microbiana varia entre diferentes áreas corpóreas e indivíduos. Muito pouco se sabe sobre a microbiota normal da pele equina saudável.
Hipótese/Objetivos
Descrever as distribuições taxonômicas da microbiota cutânea bacteriana em uma população de cavalos saudáveis em Ontário, Canadá, e avaliar os efeitos da topografia corpórea, indivíduo e época do ano na diversidade microbiana e composição da comunidade.
Animais
As amostras foram coletadas de quatro áreas corpóreas (dorso, abdômen ventral, quartelas e virilha) de 12 cavalos clinicamente saudáveis da mesma fazenda. As amostras foram coletadas de todos os indivíduos em quatro tempos experimentais (inverno, primavera, verão, outono) dentro de um ano civil.
Métodos e materiais
O sequenciamento Illumina da região V4 do gene 16S rRNA foi realizado após a extração do DNA. Os dados foram analisados usando o software MOTHUR.
Resultados
Foram identificadas bactérias de 38 filos e 1.665 gêneros. A alpha‐diversidade foi maior no inverno e verão do que na primavera e no outono, embora isso não tenha sido estatisticamente significativo. As relações filogenéticas e a estrutura da comunidade se agruparam de acordo com a estação do ano do que com a topografia corpórea.
Conclusões e importância clínica
A pele saudável dos equinos é habitada por microbiota bastante diversa. Indivíduos que vivem em um ambiente semelhante compartilham populações microbianas cutâneas sobrepostas. Essas populações variam significativamente ao longo do tempo e entre as áreas corpóreas.
Background – Next‐generation sequencing techniques have revealed that human and animal skin is colonised by a rich and diverse population of bacteria, and that microbial composition varies between different body sites and individuals. Very little is known about the normal microbiota of healthy equine skin. Hypothesis/Objectives – To describe the taxonomic distributions of cutaneous bacterial microbiota in a population of healthy horses in Ontario, Canada, and to evaluate the effects of body site, individual and
Lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM) is valuable for its combination of reduced photobleaching and outstanding spatiotemporal resolution in 3D. Using LLSM to image biosensors in living cells could ...provide unprecedented visualization of rapid, localized changes in protein conformation or posttranslational modification. However, computational manipulations required for biosensor imaging with LLSM are challenging for many software packages. The calculations require processing large amounts of data even for simple changes such as reorientation of cell renderings or testing the effects of user-selectable settings, and lattice imaging poses unique challenges in thresholding and ratio imaging. We describe here a new software package, named ImageTank, that is specifically designed for practical imaging of biosensors using LLSM. To demonstrate its capabilities, we use a new biosensor to study the rapid 3D dynamics of the small GTPase Rap1 in vesicles and cell protrusions.
We present a microfluidic device compatible with high resolution light sheet and super-resolution microscopy. The device is a 150 μm thick chamber with a transparent fluorinated ethylene propylene ...(FEP) cover that has a similar refractive index (1.34) to water (1.33), making it compatible with top-down imaging used in light sheet microscopy. We provide a detailed fabrication protocol and characterize the optical performance of the device. We demonstrate that the device supports long-term imaging of cell growth and differentiation as well as the rapid addition and removal of reagents while simultaneously maintaining sterile culture conditions by physically isolating the sample from the dipping lenses used for imaging. Finally, we demonstrate that the device can be used for super-resolution imaging using lattice light sheet structured illumination microscopy (LLS-SIM) and DNA PAINT. We anticipate that FEP-based microfluidics, as shown here, will be broadly useful to researchers using light sheet microscopy due to the ability to switch reagents, image weakly adherent cells, maintain sterility, and physically isolate the specimen from the optics of the instruments.
FEP-based microfluidics enable diverse applications in light sheet microscopy.
Pulse shape discrimination for Gerda Phase I data Agostini, M.; Allardt, M.; Andreotti, E. ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
10/2013, Letnik:
73, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The
Gerda
experiment located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso of INFN searches for neutrinoless double beta (0
νββ
) decay of
76
Ge using germanium diodes as source and detector. In Phase I ...of the experiment eight semi-coaxial and five BEGe type detectors have been deployed. The latter type is used in this field of research for the first time. All detectors are made from material with enriched
76
Ge fraction. The experimental sensitivity can be improved by analyzing the pulse shape of the detector signals with the aim to reject background events. This paper documents the algorithms developed before the data of Phase I were unblinded. The double escape peak (DEP) and Compton edge events of 2.615 MeV
γ
rays from
208
Tl decays as well as two-neutrino double beta (2
νββ
) decays of
76
Ge are used as proxies for 0
νββ
decay.
For BEGe detectors the chosen selection is based on a single pulse shape parameter. It accepts 0.92±0.02 of signal-like events while about 80 % of the background events at
Q
ββ
=2039 keV are rejected.
For semi-coaxial detectors three analyses are developed. The one based on an artificial neural network is used for the search of 0
νββ
decay. It retains 90 % of DEP events and rejects about half of the events around
Q
ββ
. The 2
νββ
events have an efficiency of 0.85±0.02 and the one for 0
νββ
decays is estimated to be
. A second analysis uses a likelihood approach trained on Compton edge events. The third approach uses two pulse shape parameters. The latter two methods confirm the classification of the neural network since about 90 % of the data events rejected by the neural network are also removed by both of them. In general, the selection efficiency extracted from DEP events agrees well with those determined from Compton edge events or from 2
νββ
decays.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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