Electrolyzed water (EW) has gained immense popularity over the last few decades as a novel broad‐spectrum sanitizer. EW can be produced using tap water with table salt as the singular chemical ...additive. The application of EW is a sustainable and green concept and has several advantages over traditional cleaning systems including cost effectiveness, ease of application, effective disinfection, on‐the‐spot production, and safety for human beings and the environment. These features make it an appropriate sanitizing and cleaning system for use in high‐risk settings such as in hospitals and other healthcare facilities as well as in food processing environments. EW also has the potential for use in educational building, offices, and entertainment venues. However, there have been a number of issues related to the use of EW in various sectors including limited knowledge on the sanitizing mechanism. AEW, in particular, has shown limited efficacy on utensils, food products, and surfaces owing to various factors, the most important of which include the type of surface, presence of organic matter, and type of tape water used. The present review article highlights recent developments and offers new perspectives related to the use of EW in various areas, with particular focus on the food industry.
Practical Application
From an industrial viewpoint, this publication can be used for the comparison and improvement of electrolyzed water (EW) generators. From a scientific standpoint, this publication can help in understanding the role of various parameters and can provide insight into EW producing systems and its applications for further research and development.
Polyphenols (PPs) are the naturally occurring bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, and they are the most abundant antioxidant in the human diet. Studies are suggesting that ingestion of PPs ...might be helpful to ameliorate metabolic syndromes that may contribute in the prevention of several chronic disorders like diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and colon cancer. PPs have structural diversity which impacts their bioavailability as they accumulate in the large intestine and are extensively metabolized through gut microbiota (GM). Intestinal microbiota transforms PPs into their metabolites to make them bioactive. Interestingly, not only GM act on PPs to metabolize them but PPs also modulate the composition of GM. Thus, change in GM from pathogenic to beneficial ones may be helpful to ameliorate gut health and associated diseases. However, to overcome the low bioavailability of PPs, various approaches have been developed to improve their solubility and transportation through the gut. In this review, we present evidence supporting the structural changes that occur after metabolic reactions in PPs (curcumin, quercetin, and catechins) and their effect on GM composition that leads to improving overall gut health and helping to ameliorate metabolic disorders.
Foodborne illness outbreaks caused by the consumption of food contaminated with harmful bacteria has drastically increased in the past decades. Therefore, detection of harmful bacteria in the food ...has become an important factor for the recognition and prevention of problems associated with food safety and public health. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most commonly isolated foodborne pathogen and it is considered as a major cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. A number of different methods have been developed for the detection and identification of S. aureus in food samples. However, some of these methods are laborious and time-consuming and are not suitable for on-site applications. Therefore, it is highly important to develop rapid and more approachable detection methods. In the last decade, biosensors have gained popularity as an attractive alternative method and now considered as one of most rapid and on-site applicable methods. An overview of the biosensor based methods used for the detection of S. aureus is presented herein. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art biosensor methods towards the detection and quantification of S. aureus, and discusses the most commonly used biosensor methods based on the transducing mode, such as electrochemical, optical, and mass-based biosensors.
•Recent advances in development of biosensors for detection of S. aureus are discussed.•An overview of biosensors based on transducing mode is presented.•Electrochemical, optical, and mass-based biosensors are mainly discussed.
Curcumin is a polyphenolic natural compound with diverse and attractive biological properties, which may prevent or ameliorate pathological processes underlying age-related cognitive decline, ...Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia, or mode disorders. AD is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is known as one of the rapidly growing diseases, especially in the elderly population. Moreover, being the eminent cause of dementia, posing problems for families, societies as well a severe burden on the economy. There are no effective drugs to cure AD. Although curcumin and its derivatives have shown properties that can be considered useful in inhibiting the hallmarks of AD, however, they have low bioavailability. Furthermore, to combat diagnostic and therapeutic limitations, various nanoformulations have also been recognized as theranostic agents that can also enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of curcumin and other bioactive compounds. Nanocarriers have shown beneficial properties to deliver curcumin and other nutritional compounds against the blood-brain barrier to efficiently distribute them in the brain. This review spotlights the role and effectiveness of curcumin and its derivatives in AD. Besides, the gut metabolism of curcumin and the effects of nanoparticles and their possible activity as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in AD also discussed.
Hydrogels have emerged as a promising option for treating local scald wounds due to their unique physical and chemical properties. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of ovalbumin/gelatin ...composite hydrogels in repairing deep II‐degree scald wounds using a mouse dorsal skin model. Trauma tissues collected at various time points are analyzed for total protein content, hydroxyproline content, histological features, and expression of relevant markers. The results reveal that the hydrogel accelerates the healing process of scalded wounds, which is 17.27% higher than the control group. The hydrogel treatment also effectively prevents wound enlargement and redness of the edges caused by infection during the initial stage of scalding. The total protein and hydroxyproline content of the treated wounds are significantly elevated. Additionally, the hydrogel up‐regulates the expression of VEGF (a crucial angiogenic factor) and down‐regulates CD68 (a macrophage marker). In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of multifunctional protein‐based hydrogels in wound healing.
A novel hydrogel, which is cross‐linked by silver ions using thiolated ovalbumin and thiolated gelatin, can accelerate the healing process of scalded wounds in mice by increasing the content of total protein and hydroxyproline, up‐regulating the expression of VEGF (a crucial angiogenic factor) and down‐regulating CD68 (a macrophage marker).
Obscure hazards and insufficient knowledge regarding foodborne threats make food safety an important issue. Foodborne threats can disrupt markets and can lead to substantial economic losses for ...everyone from farm input traders to customers. The food industry is increasing its efforts to enhance food safety throughout the world. Researchers have redirected their focus toward food science to conform to the issues and find feasible solutions. A variety of conventional and novel techniques have been assessed to solve food safety-related problems. However, certain of these techniques adversely affect the quality of the food, the nutrients it contains and its organoleptic properties. This review highlights the effectiveness of decontamination techniques and discusses several successful combinations of thermal and non-thermal technologies. This review also examines the effects of food processing technologies on nutrients and organoleptic properties.
Nisin and other similar food preservatives of natural origins have seen a substantial upsurge in global interest in recent years. The use of nanotechnology to regulate and manipulate nisin for ...enhanced capacities in the food and nutrition sector is expanding dramatically. Nanotechnology has significant food science applications in nanoparticle delivery systems, packaging, food security, and safety. However, there have been considerable issues regarding the use of nisin in the food sector, including its uncontrolled interactions with various food components, its degradation and electrostatic repulsion. These issues potentially limit its use. Alternate strategies, including a variety of nanoparticle systems such as nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, nanofibers, and combinations of nisin with other technologies, are employed to enhance the utility of nisin in the food industry. This review highlights the recent developments and new perspectives related to the uses of nisin in the food industry.
This review highlights the current status of nanotechnology in the food industry. The issues concerning use of nisin by the food industry are addressed. Nisin shows enhanced efficacy in combination with other current technologies for improved food safety.
•Use of nisin with other preservative agents can exhibit synergistic antimicrobial effectiveness and increase the shelf-life of foods.•Use of nanoparticles can overcome some of the issues concerning the degradation and inactivation of nisin in foods.•Nisin has shown promising results to control the growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in foods.
Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are used in the field of nanomedicine. ZnO is non-toxic and compatible with biological system. The major problem of wound is infections. The infections delays wound ...healing. Usage of Nanomaterials like ZnO nanoparticles for wound healing is promising. ZnO nanoparticles are synthesised by wet chemical method. It is annealed at 300, 500, 700, and 900 °C for 3 h. ZnO nanoparticle morphology and size distribution are analysed by XRD, FTIR and TEM. The influences of particle size on fibroblast cell growth (NIH3T3) and on antimicrobial activity are analysed. The growth of fibroblast cell is higher with ZnO nanoparticles of larger particle size. Further the MTT analysis, fluorescence calcein AM cell staining and F-actin analysis confirms the growth of fibroblast cells with improved biocompatibility behaviour. The antimicrobial activity is higher for ZnO nanoparticles of lower particle size. Confocal microscope analysis and Zone of inhibition analysis confirms the antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles.
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•Enhancement of wound healing activity by ZnO is analysed.•Influence of particle size on Fibroblast growth is analysed.•Influence of particle size on antimicrobial activity is analysed.•F-actin analysis is imaged.•Staining studies confirm the influence of particle size.
•Chitosan was modified with monomethyl fumaric acid in an aqueous solution.•Chitosan derivatives were obtained with different degree of substitution.•Antimicrobial, antioxidant and solubility of ...chitosan has been improved to a great extent.
The present study aims at in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity evaluation of chitosan modified with monomethyl fumaric acid (MFA) using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) as mediator. Three different kinds of chitosan derivatives Ch-Ds-1,Ch-Ds-2 and Ch-Ds-3 were synthesized by feeding different concentration of MFA. The chemical structures of resulting materials were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HR-XRD, FT-IR and TNBS assay. The results showed that Ch-Ds-1, Ch-Ds-2 and Ch-Ds-3 were successfully synthesized. The % amino groups of chitosan modified by MFA were evaluated by TNBS assay and ranging from 1.82±0.05% to 7.88±0.04%. All the chitosan derivatives are readily soluble in water and swelled by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), toluene and dimethyl formamide (DMF). The antioxidant activity for all the chitosan derivatives have been significantly improved (P<0.05) compared to the chitosan. Upon antibacterial activity at pH 4.0, all the chitosan derivatives showed significant (P<0.05) antibacterial activity against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes strains and Gram negative Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis strains compared to chitosan. In conclusion, MFA modified chitosan has shown enhanced activities along with solubility, and could be used as a novel food preservative and packaging material for long time food safety and security.
The goal of this study was to enhance the antimicrobial effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) through addition of synergistic treatment with ultrasound (US) and mild heat treatment in ...order to improve the microbial safety of fresh-cut bell pepper. To evaluate the synergistic effects, the Weibull model was used to mathematically measure the effectiveness of the individual and combined treatments against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium on the pepper. The combined treatment (SAEW+US+60 °C) resulted in the TR values of 0.04 and 0.09 min for L. monocytogenes and S. Typhimurium, respectively, as consequence of the minimum value. Subsequently, texture analysis was carried out to test the potential effect on quality of the samples due to the involved mild heat and ultrasound treatment. When compared to the control, there was no significant change (p ≥ 0.05) in the texture (color and hardness) of the samples that were treated by 1 min of the combined treatment (SAEW+US+60 °C) during storage at 4 °C for 7 days. This combined treatment achieved approximately 3.0 log CFU/g reduction in the two pathogens. The results demonstrate that the involved hurdle factors which are ultrasound and mild heat achieved the synergistic effect of SAEW against the two pathogens. According to the results of texture analysis, 1 min of SAEW+US+60 °C is the optimal condition due to without negative influence on the quality of the samples during the storage. The optimal condition shows the enhanced antimicrobial effect of SAEW and enables to improve microbial safety of fresh bell pepper in food industry as a consequence of hurdle approach.
•Ultrasound achieved an additional 0.59 to 1.60 log CFU/g reduction in SAEW treatment.•Increased temperature enhanced antimicrobial efficacy in SAEW+US treatment.•SAEW+US+60 °C for 1 min was optimal condition that achieved approximately 3.0 CFU/g reductions.•SAEW+US+60 °C for 1 min not significantly influenced quality of bell pepper during storage at 4 °C for 7 days.
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